The L-World as A Good Character-driven Drama Essay

The L-World as A Good Character-driven Drama - Essay Example The L-Word fits extremely well into this genre as it focuses on a very organic unveiling of personality and conflict. It is a high quality drama within this genre, as it features a well-written script with complex characters and original content. The scripts of the L-Word are extremely well-written. It is vital for character-driven dramas to be well written as dialogue is a focus of character-driven drama. Dialogue must be natural, realistic and fit organically into the characters established personality for character-driven dramas to succeed. The script of the L-Word achieves this through the naturalism of its dialogue and the way in which each characters lines fit well into their personality. For example in season 5 episode 7 â€Å"Longing†, the character of Alice is angry with Jenny for stealing her idea for a screen play. In justifying this, Jenny likens herself to Monet by pretending to hear him speak. Alice replies â€Å"That’s so funny because I hear him as well ...so weird...what’s that? He says don’t ever compare yourself to him.† This is a very appropriate and believable response for the character of Alice as she is portrayed as very witty and quirky. In the character of Bette the viewer is presented with an extremely strong, intelligent and highly educated woman and her dialogue is a constant reflection of this throughout each series as she debates and engages in discussions in a very wordy, articulate and well-informed manner. Character complexity is another area which is of fundamental importance to character-driven dramas. As people are naturally quite complex creatures, this must be echoed in character-driven dramas as they aim to reflect the complexities of existence. To have one-dimensional, straightforward characters would be detrimental in this genre as it would lose its appeal and indeed its integrity. Complexity is portrayed through every character of the L-Word but none more so than the characters of Bette and Jenny. Bette is a highly educated and confident professional who is deeply in love with her partner and together they are in a committed long term relationship. Despite this, Bette is constantly tempted by adulterous behavior. When she is presented with opportunities to cheat on her partner, she is severely conflicted about doing so and goes to great lengths to avoid temptation. The fact that she is so happy with her partner and they have serious relationship problems, conveys the complexi ties of Bettes character as there is no motivation for her to be disloyal. Another complex character is that of Jenny, a highly introspective, creative and sensitive character who goes through several drastic psychological transformations throughout each season of the show. In season 1, Jenny is a painfully shy, awkward and very kind girl. By the end of the final season, she is portrayed as cruel, arrogant, self-indulgent and unpredictable. In this way, the complexities of her character are realised through her many personality evolutions. Originality is an important factor of any TV show. If a show does not present something new or different, then the same material is simply regurgitated again and again which leads to poor quality of writing and content. By offering something fresh, be it in content, treatment or

American history Essay Example for Free

American history Essay Sternberg ultimately suggests that Intelligence can be improved, and there are a number of findings to support his theory. There have been 2 very controversial pieces of research and publications however which not only disagree with the main principals of Sternbergs theory, but have also provoked uproar since they have been released. The first publication which was to cause huge heated debate all over the world was that published by Jenson (1969), who said that those of Black origin scored on average 15 points below that of White people. He suggested that this was mainly due to the genetic makeup of Black people and that although environment may have been a factor; the main reason is the hereditability of intelligence. The next piece of literature which caused so much commotion when it was released was the Bell Curve by Herrnstein an Murray (1994), which agrees with Jensons research, and also points out that those of low intellectual ability will generally lead difficult lives, are more likely to be inadequate parents themselves, and are also more likely to turn to drink, drugs and crime. Although these comments are highly controversial and politically incorrect, some of the points made are more than likely to be true, and can go some way to explaining why people find themselves in that position, however it would only be accurate if two factors did not play huge parts in the intelligence levels of individuals, the culture that individuals are exposed to, and the fact that intelligence is not fixed, and that there are plenty of studies that give evidence to back this up. The test that Jenson gave to the Black and White subjects in 1969 was no doubt culturally biased towards the white subjects, due to the levels of prosperity and education that each group were subjected to previously. Further studies have shown that Black children who were adopted by prosperous white families, and were subjected to the same level of schooling demonstrated improved levels of intelligence over children who had a similar genetic background. Adoption studies like these have often proven to be strong evidence for the nurture side of the debate; however one final area of concern in the nature/nurture debate is the topic of eugenics. Eugenics is the idea created by Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911), who was interested in the success of English dog breeders, who bred the strongest and best dogs together, and created many different varieties. He decided to start a movement which looked at the possibility of weeding out the bad individuals from the good stock by getting humans to breed with those who have good properties and attributes, a fairly sick proposition even for the 19th century, and it was soon shut down because people decided to breed for love rather than genes. But nonetheless the term eugenics was created, and perhaps the most relevant example of eugenics in history is the Immigration Restrictions Act (1924) which was passed in America by President Coolidge, who was said to have proclaimed America must be kept American as he signed the bill. On that day eugenicists are known to have won one of the greatest scientific racist battles in American history. Bibliography Cardwell, C. M. (2000). Psychology for A-level. London: Harper Collins. Dworetzky, J. (1994). Psychology. Minneapolis: West Publishing Company. Gross, R. (2005). Psychology, The science of mind and behaviour. London: Hodder Arnold. Hill, G. (2001). AS Level Psychology through Diagrams. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Handouts T. Kearns

Security issue on terrorism

Security issue on terrorism When it comes to the word terrorism,what is it? Terrorism is a sudden attack by a small group of people called terrorist that wanted to show their feeling or to get what they want through violent act,the reason why they attack could be related to political issues, religious issues, races issues, economics issues and so on.Terrorist used to attack by bombings and killing. How could the word significant be define? Significant is something more serious, more obvious or more deadly in particular sense and its depending to the situation and circumstances. The reason why terrorism has become a more significant security issues is because Terrorists attacks are stronger (effective) as states do not have strong body to attack like other states. For example, September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center, bali bombings On 10 September 1973, a Provisional IRA bomb exploded in the booking hall at 12.24 pm, causing extensive damage and injuring six people, some seriously. The 3lb (1.4kg) device was thrown without warning into the station by a youth who escaped into the crowd and was not caught. Other than that, Terrorist are more extreme and radical in nature, willing to attack and provoke superpower states. They are willing to attack strong nation states like US, China etc etc. Example, September 11th. Besides that,Terrorist can attack without its own states approval, making it difficult for other states or UN to stop but in the other hand States have reasonable and clear reason why they attack; they attack for benefits and welfare of their sovereignty or welfare of people. Terrorist attacks are less sanely motivated.This case could be refer in the September 11ths tragedy. Terrorist does not have rules of engagement not to attack civilians but in the other hand Legit army have rules of engagement to follow (not to attack unharmed civilians), but terrorist do not have it any ROE such as the Bali Bombing, Terrorist groups are also hard to contact and negotiate with unlike other threats. After the terrorists attack, they could escape to other place and continue their life, they might also have the second attack, its either they attack the same place or not. Next, Terrorists do not need sanction from the UN to do anything they just do it, making them unpredictable such as the September 11th incident, they not need to inform others that they are going to attack, but yet, they attacks on the PWC suddenly and get media attention, this makes terrorism dangerous. Besides that, Terrorists create anxiety as anyone could be terrorists. They are hard to identify. Normal people could be terrorist, but they do not have a special look telling that they are terrorist, they could but at anywhere and anyone. Due to attack, terrorists forces war to break out between states. If a group of terrorist from Iraq attack PWC in US, and they just escape to another country, When US forced Iraq to take imprison the members of Al-Qaeda, but Iraq could nt get Al-Qaeda, then theres will be a conflict between these 2 nations, It might be a war between Iraq and US. Terrorist are dangerous because their attacks might have run wilder around one or two bombings or attack daily and Since the demise of USSR, terrorism has been wilder such as the Mumbai attack in 2008 were more than ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks by Muslim terrorists from Pakistan. This attack kills at least 173 and 308 people injured. Other that the cases mention above, the list below shows the cases of terrorism attacks. Somalian pirates raid ,They attack ships not for any political gains or religious reasons but rather for financial problems. As of May 2, 2009, the pirates were reported to be holding 17 ships and around 300 crews. 2003 Marriott Hotel Bombings The 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing occurred on 5 August 2003 in Mega Kuningan, South Jakarta, Indonesia. A suicide bomber detonated a car bomb outside the lobby of the JW Marriott Hotel, killing twelve people and injuring 150. All those killed were Indonesian with the exception of one Dutch businessman, one Danish, and two Chinese tourists. The hotel was viewed as a Western symbol, and had been used by the United States embassy for various events. The hotel was closed for five weeks and reopened to the public on 8 September. 2004 Australian embassy bombing The 2004 Australian embassy bombing took place on 9 September 2004 in Jakarta, Indonesia. Madrid Train Bombings The Madrid train bombings consisted of a series of coordinated bombings against the Cercanà ­as (commuter train) system of Madrid, Spain on the morning of 11 March 2004 (three days before Spains general elections), killing 191 people and wounding 1,800. The official investigation by the Spanish Judiciary determined the attacks were directed by a al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist cell although no direct al-Qaeda participation has been established. Spanish miners who did not carry out the attacks but who sold the explosives to the terrorists were also arrested. Besides that,we also have the cases of 2010 Moscow Metro Bombings , TheMay 1998 riots in Indonesia, Pakistani state terrorism, State terrorism by Iran and State terrorism and Russia. USSR= TheUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR) was aconstitutionallysocialist statethat existed inEurasiafrom 1922 to 1991. ROE= Rules of Engagement = inmilitaryorpoliceoperations, therules of engagement(ROE) determine when, where, and how force shall be used. Such rules are both general and specific, and there have been large variations between cultures throughout history. Is there any more significant issues in Security issues? Terrorism is a significant issue in security issue, but there are more issues that serious than Terrorism. Terrorists are active, but they are not more dangerous as states. States have WMDs, but terrorists often dont. And the food security. China is becoming a developed country. Around the world, there are many states that are purchasing products (daily needs ) from China such as clothes, accessories, food and so on. The case of the Melamine incident causes people from many states avoid for buying the food products from china such as milk candies. Especially milk, in November 2008 China reported an estimated there are 300,000 victims causes by this Melamine incident ,six infants dying fromkidney stonesand otherkidney damage, and a further 860 babies hospitalized. We can see that many babies suffered from kidney problems after they took the milk powder. An infant still have many years to go, how could they survive in their future? This has affected the next generation. Besides that, Health issue is also concerning in security issue such as the SARS incident and H1N1 incident. Health issue can be define as problems concerning health which can lead to massive outbreaks that harms hundreds or thousands of lives. More than 5,300 SARS infections have been reported at the end of April 2003 in more than 20 countries so far, the most SARS cases are in China. The global death toll is at least 400, so far and the number climbs. The number of suspected and infected cases of SARS is tiny so far, compared to the 3 million people who died of AIDS last year, the danger of the SARS epidemic is significant. For H1N1, Although most cases are mild, these epidemics still cause severe illness in 3-5 million people and 250,000-500,000 deaths worldwide. On average 41,400 people die each year in theUnited Statesbased on data collected between 1979 and 2001.The latesr report from the CDC estimates that in the United States alone, as of March 2010, there had been about 12,0 00 deaths caused by swine flu. On January 18, 2010, the WHO Director-General also said the pandemic appeared to be easing in the northern hemisphere but could still cause infections until winter ends in April, and that it was too soon to say what would happen once the southern hemisphere enters winter and the virus becomes more infectious.Currently, there are 14,286 confirmed deaths worldwide. This figure is a sum of confirmed deaths reported by national authorities. Third, Natural disasters are also significant in security issue.Terrorism actions may be dangerous and claim dozens of lives, but natural disasters claims thousands or millions of lives. The weather nowadays changes very quickly,makes that natural disasters are more unpredictable and even more impossible to stop than terrorism such as Haiti earthquake, China Sze Quan 512 earthquake, Tzunami in Southeast Asia and Chille, floods in China Yellow River, Lahar in Tangiwai. Terrorists attack can be recovered from any of their attack less significant, natural disaster problems are more dangerous and bring more problems because natural disaster causes plagues, massive infrastructure damages and so on. Lahar is volcanic mudflow or landslide. This happened in 1953 Tangiwai disaster caused by lahar and in 1958,the Amero tragedy caused the town of Amero was buried and an estimated of 23,000 people were killed. Floods is also a serious security issue as in 1931, the great flood at Huang He caused death between 200,000 to 4,000,000 in China. Although issues caused by terrorism is worrying, security issues caused by natural disasters are more complex to deal with as these events are at most, completely unpredictable and there are no ways that the state can deal with the threat unlike terrorism. Conclusion It still remains difficult to say whether or not terrorism is the most significant or a more significant threat in security issues nowadays. This is because the security issues faced by one nation state may differ from the ones being faced by other nation states. Yes, globally, terrorism is a growing threat in security issues, however, due to globalization, and the rapid destruction of the environment caused by man, so is health and natural disaster issues as well. However, to make a sweeping statement to say that terrorism threats affect the whole world is difficult to say. Security issues faced in Malaysia may differ from security issues faced in the United States or even Africa. In a nutshell, terrorism is becoming a more significant security issue in the certain nation states but not in the whole world as there are other more significant issues that are out there as well.

A Most Remarkable Teacher Essay -- Medicine College Admissions Essays

A Most Remarkable Teacher    A most remarkable high school teacher first aroused my interest in medicine when he invited me to take a special advanced microbiology course at night. He (Mr. Wiles) had worked for years in the medical field before retiring to teach school. Spending many hours with us, he constantly reaffirmed his belief that we could make a positive contribution to society through a career in medicine. Shortly after my graduation, Mr. Wiles died of lung cancer. During his last months, as I visited him, walked with him, chopped wood for him, I anguished over my helplessness as his pain grew and his life diminished. The doctors couldn't do much to reverse that process, but at least they could t~ to ease his pain or Blow the spreading disease. I admired and envied that ability.    In the ensuing years, I found myself embracing two seemingly different career paths. I loved being around people and thrived on the interaction, but I was fascinated by the technical intricacies of science. With a love for my science courses, I found that I could readily follow the logic of scientific thought. Then I left school and went to Europe as a volunteer missionary. In addition to learning a foreign Language (French) †¢ I spent that year and a half learning to work with people and help them with their problems. This strengthened my desire to work with people in some kind of clinical setting.    It was... ...e good, some not as good--as they made their rounds. The really good ones seemed able to comfort their patients in more than just a physical sense. One oncologist seemed never to fail to bring a smile to his patients' faces, such was his genuine caring.    I believe, now, the words of Mr. Wiles. I believe that as a physician I can make a very real contribution to society. I can see myself offering all I have to help a patient smile again, using all my resources to find the best scientific solution. And as I become more of a scientist, so must I become even more skilled with people--people with needs and feelings. For medicine is the culmination of that art and science-requiring the best of both worlds.

Hardware and Software Essay

A way to make the revenue cycle run smoothly is by integrating hardware and software to assist in the setup of the various systems. This setup would make it easier for Riordan Manufacturing to access their financial information. We will discuss what hardware and software is needed, and will go on to identify who accesses this information. Another area to cover is the controls that need to be implemented based around the accounting procedures, and what information should be available through the corporate Internet and intranet. Examining Hardware and SoftwareTo integrate cost of goods sold into the accounting process Riordan Manufacturing would need a system to work for all locations. Currently, the thr ee locations have different systems. It would require software that is compatible for all locations as well. At the present time, each location uses different software as well. Information Shared Between Different Cycles One source of information to be shared would be the balance sheet. It highlights the company’s assets, liabilities, and stockholders equity. Another source of information to share is the income statement. The breakdown of revenue and expenses appear on this statement. The final results capture net profit or net loss. Access to Information While integrating this accounting process into an automated system there should be only a select few people who have access to the information contained in the database. Those people would include the database designer, the people or persons installing the hardware or software and database management. The database designer would need access to the information for obvious reasons along with the persons installing the hardware or software. Database management would need access to the information to insure that the information is being installed correctly and to insure breach of security is not an issue. When creating a database, there should be as few people as possible that have access to the information. That way information contained in the database can be kept as secure as possible. Internal Controls The internal controls required for the revenue cycle  specifically dealing with cost of goods sold are similar to other accounting areas. The first set of internal controls deal with whom has access to the accounting information system. The set of controls that deal with issues of security in the system and are embedded into the system are called IT general controls (Bagranoff 2008). IT general controls deal with whom is authorized to access and change data files. One of the general controls required for the company’s system would be restricting access to programs. The control would prevent unauthorized personal from changing anything in the program. The second area of internal controls or application controls deals with transactions. Application controls can be divided in three parts: input control, processing controls, and output controls (Bagranoff 2008). These three areas of control deal with data input, processing data and the reporting of processed data. Application controls are vital to ensuring accuracy and legitimacy of the data. Two common input internal controls that would be required are feedback mechanism and edit tests. Additional internal controls can be added to better facilitate the input processes. Processing data controls deals with the data after input. The first internal control needed is an audit trail. This control allows a person to follow the route the data has taken and will take. The second area is file control which ensures the integrity of the file. The final step in application control is the output controls. One area of concern in this area is control of company forms. In the area of revenue specifically cost of goods sold the forms that should be managed are purchase orders and inventory control sheets. Reports Generated IT is currently being used to support finance and accounting decisions, inventory control, and logistics. While it is apparent that the inventory methods in use are effective, there is room for improvement. Documenting the receipt of raw materials and shipping of manufactured items is done using paper invoices. IT can be applied to this process to achieve a  more streamlined approach. One way to streamline the process is to automate the receipt of raw materials so that necessary inventory data is automatically entered into the inventory system as raw materials are received, instead of waiting for clerks to input this data manually. Using bar code scanner technology to input this data would be a more efficient and would reduce errors. A similar process could be used for outbound shipping of finished products. Integrating bar code technology with Riordan’s existing database would allow management to receive real-time inventory data on raw materials received and manufactured products shipped. Making the data available in real-time, instead of having to wait for data entry clerks to manually input the data, would further enhance the business intelligence (BI) necessary to support both operational and strategic decision-making. Intranet or Internet As a way to make the accounting process easier for all involved, Riordan Manufacturing must brainstorm on how to provide information through the corporate intranet or Internet. In order to decide on where to list information, some detail on the meaning of the intranet and Internet is provided. â€Å"The intranet is for internal communications purposes. These computer networks use the same software as the Internet, but are internal to the organization that created them† (Bagranoff, 2008, p. 7). â€Å"The Internet is a collection of local and wide area networks that are now connected together via the Internet backbone – that is, the main electronic connections of the system† (Bagranoff, 2008, p. 5). A good way to use the intranet would be to have all locations connected. This in return would allow all information to be accessible to each location. At the same time, it saves time trying to get information forwarded to corporate. The intranet could be used to give updates on key issues relating to the accounting process as well. The Internet is a good place to provide customers with information on the history of Riordan Manufacturing. Another area of interest is listing some information on the products that are being sold. Listing a telephone number with a contact for the customer to call regarding issues is a good idea as well. Conclusion With the hardware and software implemented and having good internal controls over the accounting information will help to have more consistent and more accurate financial reports. The revenue cycle is an important factor in running the business from the time an order invoices to the time the order is collected. Being able to report quicker and faster on internal financial reports will even give the business a quick glance of how they are doing from week-to-week or monthly so they know what they need to work on, or even if they need to make a purchase. This way the business will always know where they stand on their financials. Reference Bagranoff, N. A., Simkin, M. G., and Strand, C. (2008). Core Concepts of AccountingInformation Systems (10th ed.). [Electronic Version]. New York: Wiley. Retrieved July 10, 2008 from University of Phoenix, ACC/340, rEsource Web site: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/login.aspBagranoff, N. A. (2008). Accounting on the Internet. [University of Phoenix CustomEdition e-text].John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved July 12, 2008, from University ofPhoenix, ACC340 Web site.

Fitness and Performance in Aviation

Fitness and Performance in Aviation Fitness in most professional jobs is an individual duty to assess his or her well-being in undertaking such professions. It is a legal requirement to undergo thorough medical checkups before qualifying for professions like aviation and other related jobs. Most of the accidents caused by aircrafts are related to human factors of physical and psychological fitness. Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Fitness and Performance in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the advancement in technology, aircrafts have become more reliable and efficient, thus reducing the number of accidents that occur due to mechanical breakdown. The greater percentage of aircraft accidents is thus caused by human factors and account to more than eighty percent of the total accidents caused by the aircrafts (Lowry, 1999, p. 102). The success of a flight is dependent on human fitness to execute a safe flight. This term paper discusse s the factors that affect fitness and performance in aviation such as physical exercise, health, stress, workloads, shift work, pressure to meet deadlines and use of drugs. The physical fitness and vigorous health of aviation workers are critical aspects in their performance, in aviation, because of the nature of some of their jobs that may be physically demanding. Besides, aviation activities are carried out in a wide range of physical environments that involve substantial change in temperatures, air composition, humidity and other weather related factors. The ability of the aviation workers to carry some of their tasks may be hindered by poor eyesight, poor hearing, physical injuries, and other physical related factors (Stolzer, Harlford, Goglia, 2008, p. 58). It is a duty for the individual workers to assess their physical and health fitness in carrying out the aviation duties. Secondly, physical fitness of an individual affects the sensory system of orientation. Good eyesight is critical in making judgments on safe flight. The human eye is adapted to see during the day light using rods in the eyes and at night using the cones. The rods take time to adjust to bright light during the night when it is introduced shortly. Physical fitness through exercising the body and eating a well balanced diet that is rich in vitamins is vital in maintaining proper eyesight. Vitamin A specifically is used to prevent night blindness disease that is caused by lack of enough vitamin A in the diet. Night blindness causes blurred vision that affects the performance in aviation because of accidents that result from poor judgment of the eyesight. Deprivation of oxygen caused by flights at high altitudes leads to poor eyesight and poor performance in aviation thus alternative source for oxygen should be provided. Advertising Looking for term paper on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Age is another facto r that leads to reduced performance due to blurred vision and other age related disorders (Bibel, 2007, p. 42). In addition, poor health habits that lead to unfitness such as smoking and taking alcohol affect the power of vision thus leading to poor performance in aviation. The sense of hearing is also vital in for superior performance in aviation. The inner ear helps to maintain motion hearing that creates the vestibular orientation during a flight. Forces during the flight lead to disorientation during the flights that affect the sense of hearing. Poor sense of hearing lead to poor performance in aviation caused by poor communication with the groundwork personnel. In addition, poor performance caused by poor sense of hearing is attributed to inability to create vestibular orientation. Physical fitness improves performance in aviation by maintaining a healthy nervous system that is critical in creating postural orientation during a flight. Physical exercise helps in keeping the ner vous system active, by dilation of blood vessels to allow free circulation of blood and dissolved oxygen that help to keep the mind alert. The nerves help to transmit information to the brain that helps to make a judgment during the flights. Good coordination during the flight because of potent nervous system creates a superior performance in aviation. Health factors affect fitness of individuals and their performance in aviation depending on individuals’ state of health and intensity of a condition. The conditions that affect fitness in performance, in aviation, range from minor ailments to severe cases. Minor physical illnesses such as coughing, flu, and the common cold amongst others make the aircrafts worker uncomfortable in their work thus lead to poor performance but not to great extent. Major illnesses lead to the reduced performance in aviation as the workers may be hospitalized or go on sick leaves for treatments. Moreover, high prevalence of HIV/AIDS leads to reduc ed immunity of the aircrafts workers thus reducing their performance in aviation. In severe conditions of HIV/AIDS, the workers are unfit to work, or their death occurs that substantially reduces performance in aviation because of loss of skilled labor. In addition, minor injuries such as sprained wrists and anklets reduce work performance of aircrafts workers because of pain. Severe injuries such as broken arms and limbs make the workers unfit for the aircraft work thus reduces their performance in aviation greatly. Physical conditions such as obesity, heart attack, diabetes, age related conditions such as blurred vision, and hearing loss considerably reduces performance in aviation thus legislation should ensure the workers undergo medical checkup prior to their duties. Moreover, toxins and other related substances may lead to health complications such as cancers, deaths due to intoxication and other unforeseen effects that make the workers unfit for the work and reduce their per formance in aviation (Garland, Wise, Hopkin, 1999, p. 54).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Fitness and Performance in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Measures are taken, for the aircrafts workers, to remain fit for their work and improve their performance in aviation. To keep fit, the aircraft workers should take regular meals consisting of a well balanced diet. The workers are recommended to take regular physical exercise thrice a week that is sufficient and twice the resting pulse rate for twenty minutes. In addition, the workers should be responsible for their health, avoid smoking, and practice safe alcohol intake that is recommended by the aviation regulations. Consequently, mental fitness of the workers is critical for superior performance in aviation. Stress and stress related factors are inevitable in life may lead to poor performance in aviation if not well managed. Stress results from deman ds to cope up with life situations or adjust to some changes in life or the environment. The results of stress if not well managed make individuals unfit for aviation work and thus lead to poor performance in aviation in various ways. At first, stress causes physiological and health disorders such as dryness of mouths, nausea, ulcers and insomnia amongst others that lead to reduced activity and poor performance in aviation (Garland, Wise, Hopkin, 1999, p. 58). Stress factors that lead to change in behavior that is indicated by lack of activity, loss of appetite, shaking and irresponsibility lead to poor performance in aviation due to reduced work output. Moreover, stress may cause poor concentration, loss of memory and indecision that lead to the occurrence of errors in aviation thus declining the performance. Depression, anxiety, moodiness, and aggression of the workers affect performance of their duties leading to decreased work output. Domestic stress that results from home-rel ated affairs such as marital problems amongst spouses, children, bereavement of family members, and friends preoccupy individuals’ minds leading to distractions and poor concentration during work. This leads to poor performance in aviation. Work related stress results from pressure to meet deadlines or poor work relationship that create conflicts at work. Night shift work creates stress to individuals if not well scheduled, as the night shift workers tend to have disturbed sleep during the day and few hours of sleep, unlike the daylight workers. The workers should adopt sleep strategies for night shift workers to ensure their fitness and stay alert at work during the day. Poor relationships of public within an organization may lead to stress to create an organizational culture thus poor organization leads to reduced performance in aviation.Advertising Looking for term paper on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Physiological fitness increases performance in aviation and can be created through stress management. To keep fit, individuals adopt relaxation techniques, such as listening to music and doing personal hobbies that boost performance in aviation (Lowry, 1999, p. 104). Besides, individuals should ensure that they have enough sleep and take well-balanced diet to increase their activity at work. Physical exercise helps to release fatigue, relax and increases personal activity thus vital in managing stress and increasing performance in aviation. Furthermore, counseling by colleagues, fellow workers, and professional counselors help to manage stress, keep physiologically fit, and increase performance in aviation. Arousal is another factor that indicates fitness for performance in aviation and work in general. Arousal refers to fitness of an individual to perform a given task (Garland, Wise, Hopkin, 1999, p. 62). For optimum performance in aviation, a certain level of stimulation or arou sal is required. The level of arousal varies from one person to another. Some people feel overloaded by multi-tasking while others perform well under pressure. There are different levels of arousal that determine the level of performance in aviation. First, there is under-aroused level that creates poor performance in aviation. Individuals who have low levels of arousal are not particularly active during the work due to complacency and dullness. The optimum level of arousal leads to increased performance in aviation because of increased activity and motivation to carry out given tasks. Lastly, there is over-arousal level that to some degree leads to poor performance in aviation, as the individuals tend to leave some tasks and focus on others. Over–arousal can be a sign of abuse of drugs, which cause stimulative and sedative effects. Moreover, sleep, fatigue, and shift work affect individual fitness and performance in aviation. Sleep occurs in cycles and changes in the sleep cycles due to night shift work and other external environmental factors affect the circadian rhythms of an individual. The physiological changes in the body, changes in behavior, and body functions have a regular cycle of circadian rhythm that indicates fitness of an individual. The circadian factors are not only controlled by the brain, but also by the physical environment factors such as changes in body temperature. The fitness of an individual determines how he or she adapts to the changes and thus affects performance of night shift workers in aviation. Consequently, the fitness of an individual for performance in aviation is affected by fatigue that can be either physiological or subjective. The physiological stress indicates body’s need for relaxation and refreshment. It is usually related to unfitness of an individual for work due to physical activity, changes of circadian rhythms, irresponsible health behaviors such as drinking, and smoking, and personal health. The physical stress can be managed by having sound sleep and a rest. Subjective fatigue is related to individual’s feeling being tired and sleepy that depends on the degree of motivation. Subjective fatigue leads to poor performance in aviation because of an individual feeling of extreme lack of activity. Fatigue affects the fitness of an individual for performance in aviation through various ways. First, fatigue leads to reduced perception of sight, sense of hearing and vision that lead to decreased performance in aviation. Problems of memory loss and slow reaction occur because of fatigue that affects fitness of an individual for performance in aviation. Moreover, stressed individuals are poor in making judgments and decisions that increase their chances of making mistakes thus leading to poor performance in aviation. Lastly, fatigue leads to reduced work standards due to changes in moods, reduced concentration, and memory loss. The fitness of an individual affects the time he or she take to sleep and thus affects performance in aviation for shift workers. The period for sleep varies with individuals with some individuals taking long hours to sleep while others take a shorter period (Stolzer, Harlford, Goglia, 2008, p. 98). Depending on the individual, lack of sleep leads to reduced performance in aviation because of increased chances to make mistakes due to sleepiness. On the other hand, healthy sleep ensures individuals are fit for work thus increases aviation in performance. Lastly, fitness in performance of an individual in aviation is affected use of medication and abuse of drugs. The abuse of alcohol leads to depression of the nervous system that causes blurred vision, loss of memory and body balance, and judgment that hinder performance in aviation. Moreover, the use of some medication whether prescribed or not should be carefully considered as it may affect work performance of aviation workers. The first dose of medication should take at least twenty-four hours before any task to minimize risk of hyperactivity. Furthermore, the abuse of drugs such as cocaine, bhang, and heroin impair the performance the brain that make individuals unfit for aviation activities that reduce performance in aviation. In conclusion, performance in aviation is dependent on physical and physiological fitness of an individual. Physical fitness leads to increased performance in aviation, which is attributed to increased activity, reduced fatigue, and mental alertness. Regular physical exercise and taking a well balanced diet are critical in maintaining physical fitness and increasing performance in aviation. Physiological fitness affects the decision-making process, activity of an individual, and orientation during flight. It is recommendable for individuals to ensure proper management of stress related factors, such as work overload, lack of sleep, and fatigue that lead to reduced performance in aviation. References Bibel, G. (2007). Beyond the Black Box: The Forensics of Airplane Crashes. Baltimore: JHU Press. Garland, J., Wise, A., Hopkin,V.,D. (1999). Handbook of Aviation Human Factor. London: Routledge. Lowry, T. (1999). Performance of Light Aircraft. Virginia: AIAA. Stolzer,J., Harlford,C., Goglia, J. (2008). Safety Management Systems in Aviation. Farnham : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

Automobile Pollution Essays

Automobile Pollution Essays Automobile Pollution Paper Automobile Pollution Paper Essay Topic: Air pollution Water pollution Ammonia gas (NH) forms in the catalytic converter, which is then emitted from the vehicles tailpipe and released into the air. These ammonia gases are the cause of haze and may also cause serious health problems. The catalytic converter not only hurts but also helps the environment. Automobiles that have this system on them produce close to 50% less hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and other gases. (Converters 1) Which in the long run helps the ozone from depleting even more than it has already. Another problem we face is having vehicles with mercury light switches in the trunk and hood. Mercury is a fluid metallic element that is toxic and can cause various health problems, air and groundwater pollution also. Ford is one of the automobile companies that still use mercury in light switches and certain antiknock brake components. The mercury becomes a problem only after vehicles containing it are taken to a junkyard and destroyed. When these vehicles are destroyed the mercury seeps out into the environment and is absorbed into the ground eventually to sake its way in to our water supplies. While in the water it can contaminate the fish that in turn we end up eating. Another way the mercury makes it way into the environment is during the process of melting the vehicles in steel furnaces where the mercury vaporizes into the air. (Mercury 1) These particles then can act as a contribution to global warming. Ford has been urged to remove these mercury switches and replace them with a ball bearing switch that costs about 38 cents in all vehicles that are brought in for service, repair, or recall. As of right now Ford has no plans of removing these mercury switches in any of its serviced vehicles. But Ford is currently working with the Alliance of Automobile Manufactures and the Association of International Automobile Manufactures and waste-management directors to eliminate and replace the switches containing mercury in their upcoming vehicles. (Mercury 2) If Ford and other car companies that use mercury switches decide to do this it can eliminate up to 2. 5 tons of mercury from our environment. The problems of automobile pollution mentioned above are only a small oration of the pollution problems we face from automobiles. Many people wonder how these and many other problems that automobiles cause can be fixed, and many have come up with possible solutions. But only a few of the solutions are actually practical. I think we should abolish gas burning engines and start using electrical vehicles. This would eliminate all of the pollution problems. Electric vehicles were once thought to only be a futuristic fantasy, but recently have become a reality. These vehicles are a very environmentally roundly replacement for older gas burning automobiles. Electric vehicles do not require tune-ups or oil changes. These vehicles also dont emit any ozone depleting gases and or fumes. Making them a perfect remedy for the already hurting environment. As of right now the idea of an electric car is still in it works and the common gas burning automobile Will be around for many more years to come. All we can do is hope that one day that someone will come with a vehicle that is environmentally safe and can help eliminate these problems that automobiles cause today.

Recycling essays

Recycling essays A Literary Masterpiece Composed by A Person Without A Twisted Mind or A False Sense of Reality A morbid and melancholic reality consumes Edgar Allen Poes mind. Through a life of loosing loved ones, his contorted thoughts are expressed through his writings. In his short story, The Fall of the House of Usher, he illustrates how evil can consume ones thoughts and alter their perception of reality. His ploy is effective in text and as a cinematic drama. Both versions have the same characters, and an identical setting. While the video and the short story have several similarities, the overwhelming differences between the main characters initial meeting, Ushers death, and the houses demise make both these interpretations terrifying. In the short story, Madeline is rarely mentioned throughout the beginning of narrators visit. Usher invited his childhood friend because of an illness he was experiencing. In the short story, the narrator, portrayed as Phillip in the film, is received with a very warm welcome. Also there is a mutual friendship between the two. No bitterness or dislike is made apparent. However, in the video this is displayed somewhat differently. Phillip is only coming to the house to claim his future wife. There is no amiable relationship between Usher and Phillip. Usher does not welcome Phillip at all and tries to make him leave immediately. Another obvious difference between the two versions is Ushers death. In the short story Madeline suddenly bursts into Ushers chamber and kills him. The film uses a much more dramatic and drawn out scenario. Phillip rushes down to free his struggling bride. When he frees her she latches on to him and starts to strangle him. She then realizes she is killing the wrong person and lunges towards Roderick. While she is atop Roderick, the fire begins to ...

How can a home corner in Key Stage 1 engage childrens communication Essay - 1

How can a home corner in Key Stage 1 engage childrens communication - Essay Example Bell took a practical approach to qualitative observation techniques. I found this really helpful; this gave me a good insight on conducting observation. This also made me aware of how often one should be recording what is happening; she says you have to decide this beforehand. I also become aware of the importance of my spatial position when I’m observing. An observer can never pass entirely unnoticed; one will have to discuss this with whoever is in charge, claims Bell (2005: 189). This chapter has many tips on how to structure your recordings, how to take down field notes, analyse and interpret data as well as preparation is very important, as charts and seating plans have to be prepared. In my opinion this chapter is very relevant to my study; this will help me to successfully carry out my research because now I am quite aware of the possibility of the structured approach to be criticized as being subjective and biased. The chapter also gives ideas on the how important planning is, structured or unstructured observations, criticism of qualitative data, advantages and disadvantages, keeping records, more so your interest in this content, recording, system of categories. In my judgment it was carefully written. This chapter closes with emphasises on incomplete tasks. Observations that have taken place and records that have been made; for instance, if you were observing a meeting and at the end you felt it was inadequate, you would need to analyse the reasons. Furthermore it sums up the important parts that were mentioned in the chapter in a checklist structure. This chapter describes and explains the strong relationship between early years teaching and knowledge about child development. It declares that the relationship between early teaching practices and developmental research is currently an improved domain of

Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Public Policy - Essay Example Using a given set of models for test against determination of the level of interest amongst the masses and enabling the identification of problems is made possible through the different models that are used in the entire course of agenda setting. Key words: Agenda setting, evaluation, agenda building, models, rule making, bureaucracy. Agenda setting defines the content and subject of material that would be published and promoted in the media. This further includes prioritization and characterization of information which may be displayed and published in a given order. Keeping the public’s view in sight and publishing the material according to the requirements of modern day and problems faced is determined through the agenda setting. Agenda setting also entails the budget allocation, the activities determination, the standard operating procedures that would be adopted along with the clear roles and responsibilities assignment on behalf of the people associated with the media an d the government agencies who administer over the policies. Bringing a uniform working pattern between the agenda setters and other stakeholders makes up for the agenda setting principles. Regardless of the nature of organization or entity, agenda setting is declaration of the purpose of operations, the aims and achievements underpinned against the work undertaken, and providing a level of familiarity to the clients in a direct or indirect manner. Agenda setting may also pertain to a particular organization, or political party’s manifesto determination and sharing with the masses and direct client of the respective entity. Formulating the steps for actions that would be taken in the entire course of project, activity or any other endeavor undertaken privately, collective or on government scale makes up for agenda setting. Political debates, political parties, political movements, other social movements and government actions and projects all are handled through the agenda set up (Peters, 179). A problem becomes the priority and part of agenda once it gains the attention of the media, and also causes uproar in the society. Based on this the governmental pillars and institutions are brought into action for the purpose of eradication of the problem faced by the masses. Or any problem that the government and other decision making units feel can hamper their performance or bring about the economy or people’s discontent with regard to the government’s office bearers and their performance makes up for the direct agenda and resolution seeking problem. Based on the experts opinion and reviewing of the material in newspapers and other media sources, the think tank teams determine the level of severity and action that needs to be undertaken for the purpose of problem solving. With regard to the public problems, agenda are set on basic of multiple steps. These steps include the strategies as well the use of concrete force, tool and application for the purpose of resolving the problems. A team and resources are allocated in first place to determine the overall nature f the problem. This is followed by the assessment and evaluation phase. Which may include the data collection, or strategy determination for the at hand problem. The assessment phase is guided along by

Look at the Assignment Criteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Look at the Assignment Criteria - Essay Example The philosophies and principles that form the basis of Islamic banking have been detailed in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad. Islamic banking is seen as the revival of Islam. This is also taken as an expression of the Muslims to live on the principles of Islam. In Malaysia, there is a separate legislation governing the Islamic banks and these co-exist with the traditional banks. The Islamic Banking Act of 1983 vested the powers in the BNM to ensure that the Islamic banks worked under regulation. Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB) was the first Islamic bank to be established in 1983 and they adhere to the principles as stated in the sharia. (PKUKM, n.d.). By 1992 BIMB spread out all over the country. Very soon it developed a network of 80 branches with 1200 people working in them. Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad (BMMB), the second Islamic bank, came into existence following the merger of Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Berhad (BBMB) with Bank of Commerce (Malaysia) Berhad (BOCB ). The Islamic banking system can be viable if it fulfills there vital requirements. The number of players in the banking system should be large; they should offer a wide range of financial and banking instruments. Besides, there should be an active Islamic money market (PKUKM, n.d.). In addition, the Islamic banking system should have the characteristics of Islam and work under those principles. BNM played the lead role in disseminating Islamic banking at the national level so that it could reach all Malaysians. The commercial banks too were encouraged to promote Islamic banking products and services from their existing infra structure and branches. This increased the number of institutions that offered Islamic banking products and services within the shortest time and minimum costs. Under the scheme known as "Skim Perbankan Tanpa Faedah" BNM further enhanced the promotion of Islamic banking. The Islamic banks or the

Education and Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Education and Economic Growth - Essay Example In other words we can say that the overall well being of people depends upon its economic growth. Therefore the objective of any nation is to increase the size of its GNP. The economic growth of any country depends on various factors such as higher capital and infrastructural investment, better technology and social welfare. The effect of social welfare on growth is a debatable issue. Social welfare includes better health, education, employment and social security. GNP is calculated using the value of final goods and services produced in an economy .The measurement of GNP thus does not include social welfare however according to many economists social welfare is one of the stepping stone for any nation's growth. This study deals with the effect of education on economic growth. There are two arguments, one says that education generates human capital and thereby leads to growth while another says growth leads to development of educational facilities and thus increases education. Human is one of the basic factors which helps a country to achieve its macroeconomic aims i.e. growth and stability. The world today is undergoing rapid change in almost every field be it technology, financial markets or management. The people of different nations therefore need to adapt themselves to this change by upgrading their knowledge and generating creative ideas. In conclusion we can say, a country's human resource is one of the important determinants of growth. The human capital of a country depends upon its education level, flexibility of people and teamwork. In the excel sheet "Country consolidated" Graph 1 shows the relationship between per capita GNP and primary enrollment. Studying the graph carefully we see that low income countries have low primary education and high income countries have high primary education. However in the lower and upper middle income countries primary education does not have much impact on the GNP. The level of primary education in lower and u pper middle income countries are almost same, although there is a significant difference in their level of per capita GNP. The second graph i.e. Graph 2 studies the relationship between per capita GNP and secondary enrollment. In this graph also we see that low income and high income countries have a positive correlation between per capita GNP and secondary education. However the lower and upper middle income countries are showing some variations. The lower middle income countries are showing higher secondary enrollment than the upper middle income countries. Let us understand the reason for these variations. The contribution of human capital to growth depends upon the availability of inputs such as physical capital and technical know how. The availability of these inputs varies with the level of development i.e. low income countries have low physical capital, suggesting that the growth effects of education will be different for low and middle income countries. The graphs clearly su ggests that primary education have positive effects on growth for both low and lower middle income countries where as secondary education has positive effect on the growth of upper middle and high income countries. The third Graph i.e. Graph 3 we find that for the high income count

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 19

Marketing - Essay Example One of the areas of differentiation that can distinguish Coke is the corporate social responsibility. CSR is used as a point of differentiation as CSR is not different from quality. A company has to demonstrate responsibility towards all of the seven stakeholders - the owners or the stock holders, the suppliers, the customers, the employees, the community, the government and the competitors. By having strategic approaches to philanthropy firms fulfill their responsibility to shareholders and their commitment to community (McAlister & Ferrell, 2002). Consumers globally have become socially conscious and they are concerned about the impact that companies have on the society. This includes the impact on the physical environment, the workers and the consumers. Mass media has contributed to consumer awareness towards these issues. Coke should try to seek competitive advantage through philanthropic activities. It has been found that integrating operations, quality, strategy and technology can help sustain competitive advantage and strengthen the focus on doing things right. By being socially responsible and adhering to the ethical principles, a company’s brand image is enhanced, and it is able to attract and retain employees. Other benefits that they can achieve are increased market share, lower operating cots and easier to attract investors (Labbai, 2007). 2. Due to internationalization and globalization firms often are confused whether to have a globalized or a localized business strategy. Differences in culture, behavior, the political stability, government regulations, demographics and customer needs across boundaries creates new challenges and provides new opportunities to firms and they need to adapt their strategy according to the need. A global strategy treats the world as a single market whereas localized approach takes into account the local opportunities

Financing Greece and European Union Economy Article

Financing Greece and European Union Economy - Article Example Reports are that Greece wanted to ask the European Union for the write-off of a large part of its debt, something that the EU was difficult to swallow. This would mean the creditor nations to Greece essentially writing off a large part of its loans. It would solve the problem of the large debt of Greece crippling its ability to finance itself because of having to source funds to pay its loans, among other things. On the other hand, the write-off of the debt undermines the EU by sullying the balance sheet of the nations who had been lending money and providing the resources to try and make the Union work financially. In the integrated economy of the EU, every economy either boosts or drains the whole Union, and the problem of Greece, therefore, affects all countries in the EU. The problem is urgent too, owing to the way the problem of Greece, according to the US, likewise can have a long-term negative effect not just on the EU economy but on the American economy as well (Verlaine and O’Donnell 2015). The problem is that since Greece received aid in 2010 to shore up its economy and to bail it out essentially, the Greek economy has continued to flounder, so much so that since that time the economy has shrunk by 25 percent. Financing its debt, therefore, continues to cripple the already hurting economy, so the Greeks thought of asking the rest of the EU to condone its debt. That being rejected, the Greeks have turned around and asked for a refinancing of its loan essentially. That entails the conversion of its current loans, some of them, into bonds that the other member EU countries can purchase, and whose value is tied to the way the Greek economy performs. This move is the alternative to condoning the debt, and can potentially save Greece from going into default on its loans to the EU and the rest of the world.

Education and Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Education and Economic Growth - Essay Example In other words we can say that the overall well being of people depends upon its economic growth. Therefore the objective of any nation is to increase the size of its GNP. The economic growth of any country depends on various factors such as higher capital and infrastructural investment, better technology and social welfare. The effect of social welfare on growth is a debatable issue. Social welfare includes better health, education, employment and social security. GNP is calculated using the value of final goods and services produced in an economy .The measurement of GNP thus does not include social welfare however according to many economists social welfare is one of the stepping stone for any nation's growth. This study deals with the effect of education on economic growth. There are two arguments, one says that education generates human capital and thereby leads to growth while another says growth leads to development of educational facilities and thus increases education. Human is one of the basic factors which helps a country to achieve its macroeconomic aims i.e. growth and stability. The world today is undergoing rapid change in almost every field be it technology, financial markets or management. The people of different nations therefore need to adapt themselves to this change by upgrading their knowledge and generating creative ideas. In conclusion we can say, a country's human resource is one of the important determinants of growth. The human capital of a country depends upon its education level, flexibility of people and teamwork. In the excel sheet "Country consolidated" Graph 1 shows the relationship between per capita GNP and primary enrollment. Studying the graph carefully we see that low income countries have low primary education and high income countries have high primary education. However in the lower and upper middle income countries primary education does not have much impact on the GNP. The level of primary education in lower and u pper middle income countries are almost same, although there is a significant difference in their level of per capita GNP. The second graph i.e. Graph 2 studies the relationship between per capita GNP and secondary enrollment. In this graph also we see that low income and high income countries have a positive correlation between per capita GNP and secondary education. However the lower and upper middle income countries are showing some variations. The lower middle income countries are showing higher secondary enrollment than the upper middle income countries. Let us understand the reason for these variations. The contribution of human capital to growth depends upon the availability of inputs such as physical capital and technical know how. The availability of these inputs varies with the level of development i.e. low income countries have low physical capital, suggesting that the growth effects of education will be different for low and middle income countries. The graphs clearly su ggests that primary education have positive effects on growth for both low and lower middle income countries where as secondary education has positive effect on the growth of upper middle and high income countries. The third Graph i.e. Graph 3 we find that for the high income count

Financing Greece and European Union Economy Article

Financing Greece and European Union Economy - Article Example Reports are that Greece wanted to ask the European Union for the write-off of a large part of its debt, something that the EU was difficult to swallow. This would mean the creditor nations to Greece essentially writing off a large part of its loans. It would solve the problem of the large debt of Greece crippling its ability to finance itself because of having to source funds to pay its loans, among other things. On the other hand, the write-off of the debt undermines the EU by sullying the balance sheet of the nations who had been lending money and providing the resources to try and make the Union work financially. In the integrated economy of the EU, every economy either boosts or drains the whole Union, and the problem of Greece, therefore, affects all countries in the EU. The problem is urgent too, owing to the way the problem of Greece, according to the US, likewise can have a long-term negative effect not just on the EU economy but on the American economy as well (Verlaine and O’Donnell 2015). The problem is that since Greece received aid in 2010 to shore up its economy and to bail it out essentially, the Greek economy has continued to flounder, so much so that since that time the economy has shrunk by 25 percent. Financing its debt, therefore, continues to cripple the already hurting economy, so the Greeks thought of asking the rest of the EU to condone its debt. That being rejected, the Greeks have turned around and asked for a refinancing of its loan essentially. That entails the conversion of its current loans, some of them, into bonds that the other member EU countries can purchase, and whose value is tied to the way the Greek economy performs. This move is the alternative to condoning the debt, and can potentially save Greece from going into default on its loans to the EU and the rest of the world.

How to eat Essay Example for Free

How to eat Essay Trash Trash by Andy Mulligan, an important event in the book is when the police go to the dumpsite looking for the bag. This event is important because it make Raphael, Gardo and Rat curious, it also makes the police angry because they can’t find the bag. The last reason is that it’s a catalyst to other events in the story. The story is about three boys in a third world country who earn a living by picking through rubbish. One day they find a bag, the contents of it put them into a terrifying adventure, fighting against corruption and authority. In the event I chose when the police go to the dumpsite looking for the bag. The police go to the dumpsite asking the residents including Raphael, Gardo and Rat if they found a bag, but the police didn’t get any answers. The first reason why the police going to the dumpsite looking for the bag is an important event, is because it makes Raphael, Gardo and Rat curious. It makes Raphael, Gardo and Rat curious because they had the bag and wanted to know why it was so important. The police said â€Å"We think this bag might have something important in it to help us solve a crime.† In other words, the police looking for the bag is an important part in the story, and if the police didn’t go to the dumpsite looking for the bag Raphael wouldn’t have gone looking for answers. The second reason why the police going to the dumpsite looking for the bag is an important event, is because it is a catalyst to other events in the story. If the police didn’t go to the dumpsite looking for the bag Raphael, Gardo and Rat wouldn’t have gone to the police station to find out why the bag is so important. Therefore, the police going to the dumpsite looking for the bag is a key part of the story. The last reason why the police going to the dumpsite looking for the bag is an important event, is because it makes the police angry because they can’t find the bag and that makes them interrogate Raphael and that shows how the police are corrupt because they beat Raphael. â€Å"What did you find?† said the boss â€Å"I didn’t find a bag, sir.† Raphael said. In summary the police going  to the dumpsite looking for the bag shows how the police are corrupt. In conclusion, in trash the police going to the dumpsite is an important event for three reasons. These are it is a catalyst to other events, it makes Raphael Gardo and Rat curious and it makes to police angry because they can’t find the bag. Andy Mulligan wrote this book to show the gap between the rich and the poor and how the police and government are corrupt. The police going to the dumpsite looking for the bag illustrates this by showing that the police will do anything to protect themselves and the government. This is a powerful life message.

Discrimination Against The Elderly

Discrimination Against The Elderly This report will highlight the issue on discrimination against elderly people in countries such as Singapore, America and United Kingdom (UK). Similarly, all three countries face employment discrimination but there were slight improvements in UK. Situation of discrimination against elderly is considered to be the worse in America because they are also denied of opportunities to seek health care. The importance, impact of social discrimination and measures taken at the company and national level to combat this discrimination are also discussed. Section 2- The issues and who are involved Singapore is rapidly facing ageing population where the proportion of residents aged 65 and above contributes to 14% of the resident population in 1998 and this will increase to 27% in 2015. An increase in life expectancy has led to the increase in proportion of elderly people. Other reasons were due to the ageing of the baby boomers, decrease in infant and early childhood mortality rate and low birth rates. In todays society, our perception of elderly people is often that of dependency, slow and disregarded. Misconceptions arise about ageing, leading to stereotyping and social discrimination. A common stereotype states that most elderly people are ill. When elderly people are unsure of themselves, they are considered to be senile and they are also accused of being old when they forgot a sentence. The older generation have worked hard and they deserve to be respected by the society. With more and more people becoming old, it is important to pay attention to these legal issues surrounding the older generation. It is necessary to confront such concerns now so that we can look forward in enjoying our old age in the future. Addressing the problem of discrimination in Singapore is therefore vital in further developing and building up our nation. By undertaking these suggestions, we can then hope towards a better future for Singapore, one free from discrimination. Therefore, it is necessary that companies and individuals change their mindset and be more supportive towards the older generation. Discrimination of elderly people is prevalent in the workplace in Singapore. Age discrimination occurs when older worker is discriminated against by an employer because of their age. A recent survey by Kelly Services discovered that majority of the 1,500 respondents polled in Singapore, experienced some type of prejudice when applying for a job in the last five years and the main reason for discrimination, which contributed to 29 percent, was age. Older adults are often viewed negatively such as having high wage expectations because of their experiences, lacking new skills and unable to meet the physical demands of the job. Majority of the older workers did not complete their secondary education due to limited educational opportunities. Hence, they have a lower skilled job. As firms seek higher productivity, with current jobs being automated and improvised, it results in multiple and higher skills requirements. This eventually leads to older workers, with low education and holding unskilled jobs, being retrenched. Even if low skilled jobs are available, older workers still face competition from younger and cheaper foreign workers. Many companies are biased against older workers and still prefer to hire younger employees. Such discrimination fails to tap fully the older workers contributions. In addition, high cost of hiring older workers and perception among employers that they are less productive and open to new ideas are some of the common reasons why many firms are less likely to hire them. As such, employers may encourage early retirement or layoff disproportionately older workers. This is usually seen in computer and entertainment industries. As a result, we often see older workers picking up empty cans or selling tissue papers. Other stereotypical old-age occupations that come into mind will be cleaners and servers at fast food restaurants. Based on Singapores laws (with some exceptions), the government cannot take any legal action against employers who choose to discriminate. Individuals also cannot sue employers. Employment discrimination is also similar in America where there are a large number of aging employees in the workplace (due to the baby boomer generation). Employers engage in age discrimination when they sack or refuse to hire older workers because of ageist stereotypes. However, they have the United States Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) which prohibits age discrimination. Employers are not allowed to discriminate when hiring and firing employees who are aged 40 or older. United Kingdom (UK) also faces similar discrimination against the elderly in the workplace as Singapore and America. However, there were improvements these recent years. Employers are positive about retaining older workers as they are seen as a valuable resource. Older workers want to work beyond state pension age and various surveys also show that there is a keen attitude among them for flexible working and flexible pensions. The government also encourages older workers to continue working. UK employment equality law is effective as it helps to combat prejudice in the workplace as it prohibits discrimination against people based on gender, race, religion and age etc. It is illegal to discriminate against an employee under the age of 65 due to age. In addition, employers who sack workers or deny them training opportunities as their colleagues will break the law. Based on UKs Office for National Statistics, the number of older workers in UK employment rose by 8.8% from March 2007 to March 2008. In Singapore, there is not much issue on discrimination against the elderly in terms of health care because we have a universal health care system where both government and private sectors will provide treatment to patients regardless of age. Unlike Singapore, the elderly in both America and UK are discriminated against when seeking health care because health professionals refuse to meet the elderly needs. When a person reaches the age of 60, health services are based on a persons age and some have been denied care as a result. Age discrimination is still practiced in all levels of health care but nothing has been done to curb this prejudice against older people. Older people feel like outcasts of society because care is offered to young people regularly. Another example of discrimination against the elderly people was the incapability of making independent decisions such as living independently. People see this as a negative attitude which is often translated into their ageist actions. However, research has shown that older people value their independence. They want to make their own decisions and have access to information in order to make the best choices in life. There seems to be a trend for the elderly to live on their own, away from their children. According to Brunk (1998) it is a decision that is usually forced by a sudden decline in their health or mental abilities, or the realization that they can no longer get the kind of care they need at home or from family caregivers. This results in family member putting the elderly in the care of caregivers in the elderly homes, thinking that they have provided them the best in terms of basic needs. By doing so, they have unnoticeably discriminated against them by having a perception that they are dependent and a burden. Section 3- Why is it important for us to talk about it? Age discrimination has a negative impact on both the economy and society. Discriminating age is harmful to companies because older people are usually full of experiences. By not hiring them, it will result in a big loss of expertise; deprive them of securing a job and not tapping fully on their contributions to the society. The effect on the economy is also evident in older workers depleting life savings which were needed for retirement. Borrowing money from financial institutions and maxing out credit cards may be the only few solutions for some unemployed people to survive. Medical needs can go unmet and they have to seek help via subsidies to pay for their medication. Depression also rises when people are not being employed as they faced difficulties to make the ends meet. However, In Singapore, the government has implemented Central Provident Fund (CPF) which gives many working Singaporeans a sense of security and confidence in their old age. CPF also provides them with a retirement income to meet their basic needs when they are old. In countries such as UK and America, ageism will have an effect on health care providers professional training and service delivery. This, in turn, affects older patients treatment and health outcomes negatively. Therefore, it is important to understand the importance of older people to society because the quality of life can be improved when they are engaged in the society. Age discrimination serves as a barrier to their participation in the community. Awareness of age discrimination is therefore necessary to overcoming it. As we are living longer and healthier lives, it is essential that we recognise the talents of older workers and giving opportunities to them if they want to carry on working. Older workers are valuable and they perform well in a learning environment which involves hands-on practices, usually those which require customer-sales relationships e.g. sales promoter. The growing importance of services industry in Singapore will recruit more older workers as the nature of work will be more dependent on soft skills e.g. in service delivery. As a result, we should appreciate old age and understand that there is nothing wrong about growing old instead of identifying old age with imagery of despondency. There is a need to think on how we can care for the elderly and combat this social discrimination. Section 4-Where can we start to fix the problem? Discrimination against the elderly creates inequality in Singapores society because older workers are often associated with lower skilled jobs and lower income due to their low education background. Nevertheless, many firms still prefer to hire younger workers as money spent on them in terms on health care and training problems is minimal compared to older workers. However, Singapore empathises on meritocracy where jobs should be given to employees who have the necessary skills and experiences. An article Age bias: Firms mindset change is key also states that the focus should be on the actual job-related criteria. This way, older candidates are given the opportunity to work and contribute to the organisation. Research led by Prof Albert Hermalin, University of Michigan, also revealed that older people in Singapore actually want to work but it will only be possible if there are positive perceptions about productivity of older workers. Therefore, Singapore government has come up with various measures to help the older workers to remain employed. These measures include the extension of the retirement age to 62, reduction in the costs of employing older workers and various programmes to encourage the older workers to work and upgrade their skills. To reduce the cost of employing older workers, the employers CPF contribution rate for older workers aged 55 and above has decreased and employers can cut wages of workers aged above 60 by up to 10%. This is to encourage employers to hire older workers. Employers have also moved away from the seniority wage system and turned to a performance-based wage system. An SHRI (2007) survey revealed that only 14% of Singapore employers use a seniority wage system, while 61% are offering a performance-based wage system. By using a seniority wage system, wages will increase with age, resulting in many firms not willing to hire the older workers because of high costs. The change from the seniority wage system to a performance-based wage system will enable older workers to be hired. In the workplace, employers are encouraged to employ older workers and to job redesign. An example will be NTUC FairPrice where they hired older workers and assisted them in job upgrading and career transitions. Older workers can also enrol themselves in training programs to upgrade their skills and this ensures their employability. This is especially so in an increasingly knowledge based Economy. For older workers, learning should not only be seen as an advantage for employment but also for self enrichment and fulfilment. Furthermore, the raising of the retirement age to 62 also enables older workers to secure jobs. Employers have to be positive towards employing older workers and perhaps make some adjustments e.g. modification of work processes to accommodate older workers. For example, in McDonalds, icons of hamburgers and fries are printed on the cash registers to help older workers key in the right orders. However, their success still depends heavily on employers because it is important that they change their attitudes so that they do not employ employees on the grounds on age. Recently, a tripartite committee, which consists of Singapore National Employers Federation, National Trades Union Congress and the Ministry of Manpower, was set up. They have implemented a set of guidelines on non- discriminatory job advertisements to discourage employers from adopting discriminatory criteria i.e. age, race or religion when recruiting employees. One of the guidelines is that age should not be a requirement for employment. Public and private sector employers have to pledge to comply with the non-discriminatory practices. The implementation of the guidelines was successful as there was a significant drop in the percentage of newspaper advertisements stipulating discriminatory criteria from 30% in February to less than 1% in April this year. In countries like America and UK, there should be improvements in the health system so that older people can have proper care and health care equality. Health care professionals should provide treatment for every patients including older people as they have a duty to treat the patients regardless of age. Organisations like Age Concern and Help the Aged were also established to give advice on this issue. The government is currently reviewing ageism within the health care sector and in the progress of introducing new laws. In conclusion, government policies and laws which were implemented can have an impact in combating discrimination against the elderly people. Most importantly, it is still the perception of ones mind that leads to positive/negative stereotypes about the elderly people. As quoted by Ralph B. Perry, Age should not have its face lifted, but it should rather teach the world to admire wrinkles as the etchings of experience and the firm line of character.

African americans in world war I Essays -- essays research papers

Anthony J. Mitchell Summer 2002 U.S. Since 1865 History 2063 AFRICAIN AMERICAINS IN WORLD WAR I Before WORLD WAR I, military service represented a source of black pride. Black educators, clergymen, and the press frequently referred to Negro heroes of America’s past wars. After the Civil War, the U.S, Army maintained four regular Negro regiments –the 9th and 10th Calvary and the 24th and 25th Infantry. These units included veterans of the civil war and the frontier Indian fighting regiments. Retired sergeants often became respected, conservative leaders in their communities. This history set a foundation for black support and involvement in America’s future wars. In 1917, the United States entered World War I under the slogan â€Å"Make the World Safe For Democracy.† Within a week after the U.S, entered the war, the War Department stopped accepting black volunteers because colored army quotas were filled. No black men were allowed in the Marines, Coast guard or Airforce. However they were allowed in the Navy only an as mess man which was a position the yielded very little advancement and no glory. When drafting began, of the more than 2,000,000 blacks registered 31 percent were accepted to 26 percent of the white men. Blacks then comprised 10 percent of the population. World War I represented a turning point in black American history. It, presented an opportunity to improve race relations at home despite the fighting abroad. How could you be racist against people whom are fighting to stabilize your freedom and the freedom of others was the mentality in the minds of black soldiers. Page 2 Although World War I represented a turning point in American history it was evident racial relations would be and issue at home and abroad. When American troops began arriving on the western front one of the first to arrive on New Years Day in 1918 was the 369th (Harlem Hell Fighters). This unit was the first to reach the Rhine in 1918 where the regiment received 11 unit citations from the French. The 369th regimental band conducted by James Reese Europe and Noble Sissle is credited with the introduction of American Jazz into Europe. (Reid. A life in Ragtime: A Biography of James Reese Europe. . Little, Arthur W. From Harlem to the Rhine: The story of New York’s Colored Volunteers). This regimental band entertained troops and citizens in every city they visited and wa... ...n their efforts to make America truly democratic by ensuring full citizenship for its entire people. Black soldiers, who continued to serve in segregated units, were involved in protest against racial injustice on the home front and abroad. The introduction of black troops left a profound effect on Europe. More than Page 4 350,000 African Americans served in segregated units during World War I, mostly as support troops. Several units saw action alongside French soldiers fighting against the Germans, and 171 African Americans were awarded the French Croix de Guerre or Legion of Honor for their heroic actions. In response to the mistreatment and discrimination from the black community, several hundred African American men received officers` training at Des Moines Iowa. By October 1917, over six hundred African Americans were commissioned as captains and first and second lieutenants. These accomplishments allowed the black American male to put his stake in American History not as a mere nuisance, or an inferior being portrayed by racism but as an Honorable soldier whom endeavors to protect a country he loves despite discrimination received at home or abroad.

Red Badge Of Courage Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Red Badge of Courage by Stephan Crane traces the effects of war on a Union Soldier, Henry Fleming, from his dreams of soldiering, to his actual enlistment, and through several battles of the Civil War. Henry Fleming was not happy with his boring life on the farm. He wanted to become a hero in war and be praised and honored for his glorious achievements in battle. He knew his mother would not like to see him go to war, but it was his decision to make. He dreamed of the exciting battles of war and the thrill of marching. He didn't want to stay on the farm living his benign life making rounds and completing chores. He made the final decision to enlist. Once enlisted though, Henry learns the truths of war: its dreary, tiring, gruesome, and well, boring. He finds he spends most of his days with simply nothing to do. He manages to make friends with two other soldiers, John Wilson and Jim Conklin. John Wilson is a soldier who protrudes a boastful, and pragmatic attitude, though he quickly falls to become a soldier of compassion after realizing his own mortality in battle. Wilson was as excited about going to war as Henry, while Jim, the â€Å"Tall Soldier,† was confident about the success of the new regiment. Jim, portrays the tall, confident, veteran soldier, experienced and shows no fear. The death of Jim leads to the downfall of Wilson, having seen that such a wise soldier can be killed, then certainly the same fate awaited each and every other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a few days in the regiment, Henry started to realize, that their regiment was just wandering aimlessly, going in circles, like a vast blue demonstration. They kept marching on without purpose, direction, and without fighting. Through time Henry started to think about the battles in a different way, a more close and experienced way, he started to become afraid that he might run from battle when duty calls. He felt like a servant doing whatever his superiors told him. When the regiment finally discovers a battle taking place, Jim gives Henry a little packet in a yellow envelope, telling Henry that this will be his first and last battle. The regiment managed to hold off the rebels for the first charge, but then... ...ens almost every day in every country. Some men are like Henry, lost, almost bored looking for something more that will give meaning to their life. Some are like Wilson, ready to fight for their country, overcome with political pride. Yet again, some are like Jim, older, wiser, and maybe following paternal footsteps. No matter what the situation, no matter what the era or century, no matter who the soldier, you gain an experience not unlike that of Henry. This book may not contain the surrender of Robert E. Lee, and may not have been written in the 1860’s, but it doesn’t take dates and legalities to portray the emotion and truth of the Civil War. Stephen Crane did just that and whether or not you are heading off to battle, I recommend this book to teach you how to look inside to your own immortality and your own fears and strengths- they’re all there, they just need to be realized.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Military Recruiters in Our High Schools Essay

Military recruiters should be allowed in our high schools despite the opinions of anti-war groups, counselors and teachers who are focused on keeping the military recruiter out of our schools. This report will reveal opinions of those opposed to military recruiting showing that they are more focused on the war concept and slandering the recruiter rather than assisting the students with a job, trade, financial responsibility and an education. An article written from the author Ayers (2006), states that program’s such as the Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps are helping the recruiting efforts with 40% of JROTC graduates joining the military. A clear insight of the Parent Teacher Student Association, in which some schools focus more on the war in Iraq than education or school functions according to an article written by Paton (2005), will show the opposing opinion of the recruiter and how the No Child Left Behind Act, to some, is an invasion of privacy promoted by the wars effort. Schools that do not follow this law will be in jeopardy of cutting the schools federal funding. With the research by Cupolo (2007), the article written shows the Opt Out, Opt In schematic, in which parents or students can deny the recruiter access to their information. At the base of the argument of whether recruiters should be allowed into high schools, remains the fact that the act of recruitment is strictly voluntary. The recruiters are not demanding an audience, nor are they requiring participation in the recruiting program. Should the Military be allowed to recruit in High Schools Recruiting in the high school arena has been a tool for the military recruiter to do his or her job effectively to complete the assigned mission. Certain jobs such as Administrative, Disbursing, Food Services, Computer Data Analysis, Motor Transportation, Aviation and Supply Administration are needed in the military to assist with day to day military operations, as well as continuing support of the war efforts. However, the individual recruiter is hindered by a lot more than just the student’s lack of knowledge, but the opinions of others, i. e. parents, teachers, whose lack knowledge of the opportunities that the military recruiter is providing for the students. In society today, our young adults are constantly pushed by counselors and teachers to go to college after graduating from high school. To some, the decision to go to college is not easy; depending on their race, location of living, financial stability or the student’s sense of character. According to an Ayers (2006) article, the JROTC program, which was credited to Colin Powell, head of the Joint Chief of Staff, tgives an individual discipline and structure; and has doubled it’s enrollment at over 3,000 schools. In addition to providing discipline and structure during the formative years, this program has been a useful tool for the military recruiter. Additionally, this program allows military recruiters to further focus their efforts for the students that are specifically interested in military service and those who may not be able to afford college. Herbert (2005) noted that all high schools are not equal to recruiters: â€Å"Schools with kids from wealthier families are not viewed as good prospects†. Further he stated â€Å"The kids in those schools are not the kids who fight America’s wars†. Those wealthier young adults have doors open to them that are not available to less privileged. The conversation of war presents itself again without giving the readers the knowledge of what the military recruiter has to offer. The Should the Military be allowed to recruit in High Schools deas of Herbert (2005) are also biased as was a Vietnam veteran who was drafted during the buildup of Vietnam. The No Child Left Behind Act requires that High Schools share student contact information with military recruiters so that the recruiters can provide information on military service. Schools that do not participate lose their federal funding. In an article written by Paton (2005), the Parent Teacher Student Association in Garfield High School has successfully blocked that sharing of student contact information with recruiters. The organization was started to assist students in activities and be a liaison for the parents to express their concerns to the teachers. In this instance they are using their platform for political sentiment not related to academia. Anti-war groups are pressing the Opt Out, Op In policy, Cupolo (2007), which keeps the student’s information private, unless the parents authorize its release to the military recruiters. To go into more depth, Paton (2005) research reported that a vote of 25 to 5 to adopt a resolution that says â€Å"public schools are not a place for military recruiters†. In Paton’s (2005) article, Steve Ludwig whose son is a senior and daughter is a freshman stated, â€Å"Garfield does not allow organizations that promote illegal activities to recruit students to perform those activities, nor does it allow organizations that discriminate on the basis of race, gender, national origin, or sexual orientation to recruit on campus. † The negativity of the PTA clearly limits the students’ options to speak to a recruiter or weigh his option to determine his furture; and instead speaks to the PTA’s antiwar senitment. War is not a number one factor for recruiting in high schools. Recruiters should be allowedto give students other options for the future. Teachers, counselors, need to focus more on a young adult’s future, rather than giving their opions and bias regarding the war. Targeting low income students or those of a particular race has no bearing on the recruiter; but setting the positive standards about the military and allowing students to make their own choices should be important to the parents and educators. The military recruiter should be accepted by parents as a means of financial independence and viable oppotrunity for their future. . Recruiters are meant to give pertinent information to both parents and students regarding the military. Should the Military be allowed to recruit in High Schools The military can provide Self-Reliance, Discipline, Financial Responsibility, Leadership and Job Security. Additionally the recruited young adult will feel that since of pride about individual accomplishments and financial independence.

The Decree Abolishing the Feudal System, August 11, 1789

The Decree Abolishing the Feudal System, August 11, 1789 The abolition of the feudal system, which took place during the famous night session of August 4-5, 1789, was caused by the reading of a report on the misery and disorder which prevailed in the provinces. The National Assembly, in a fervor of enthusiasm and excitement, straightaway abolished many of the ancient abuses. The document here given is the revised decree, completed a week later. ARTICLE I. The National Assembly hereby completely abolishes the feudal system.It decrees that, among the existing rights and dues, both feudal and censuel, all those originating in or representing real or personal serfdom shall be abolished without indemnification. All other dues are declared redeemable, the terms and mode of redemption to be fixed by the National Assembly. Those of the said dues which are not extinguished by this decree shall continue to be collected until indemnification shall take place. II. The exclusive right to maintain pigeon houses and dovecotes is abolished.The pigeons shall be confined during the seasons fixed by the community. During such periods they shall be looked upon as game, and every one shall have the right to kill them upon his own land. III. The exclusive right to hunt and to maintain uninclosed warrens is likewise abolished, and every landowner shall have the right to kill, or to have destroyed on his own land, all kinds of game, observing, however, such police regulations as may be established with a view to the safety of the public.All hunting capitaineries, including the royal forests, and all hunting rights under whatever denomination, are likewise abolished. Provision shall be made, however, in a manner compatible with the regard due to property and liberty, for maintaining the personal pleasures of the king. The president of the Assembly shall be commissioned to ask of the king the recall of those sent to the galleys or exiled, simply for violations of the unting regulations, as well as for the release of those at present imprisoned for offenses of this kind, and the dismissal of such cases as are now pending. IV. All manorial courts are hereby suppressed without indemnification. But the magistrates of these courts shall continue to perform their functions until such time as the National Assembly shall provide for the establishment of a new judicial system. V.Tithes of every description, as well as the dues which have been substituted for them, under whatever denomination they are known or collected (even when compounded for), possessed by secular or regular congregations, by holders of benefices, members of corporations (including the Order of Malta and other religious and military orders), as well as those devoted to the maintenance of churches, those impropriated to lay persons, and those substituted for the portion congrue, are abolished, on condition, however, that some other method be devised to provide for the expenses of divine worship, the supp ort of the officiating clergy, for the assistance of the poor, for repairs and rebuilding of churches and parsonages, and for the maintenance of all institutions, seminaries, schools, academies, asylums, and organizations to which the present funds are devoted.Until such provision shall be made and the former possessors shall enter upon the enjoyment of an income on the new system, the National Assembly decrees that the said tithes shall continue to be collected according to law and in the customary manner. Other tithes, of whatever nature they may be, shall be redeemable in such manner as the Assembly shall determine. Until this matter is adjusted, the National Assembly decrees that these, too, shall continue to be collected. VI. All perpetual ground rents, payable either in money or in kind, of whatever nature they may be, whatever their origin and to whomsoever they may be due, . . . shall be redeemable at a rate fixed by the Assembly. No due shall in the future be created which is not redeemable. VII. The sale of judicial and municipal offices shall be abolished forthwith. Justice shall be dispensed gratis.Nevertheless the magistrates at present holding such offices shall continue to exercise their functions and to receive their emoluments until the Assembly shall have made provision for indemnifying them. VIII. The fees of the country priests are abolished, and shall be discontinued so soon as provision shall be made for increasing the minimum salary [portion congrue] of the parish priests and the payment to the curates. A regulation shall be drawn up to determine the status of the priests in the towns. IX. Pecuniary privileges, personal or real, in the payment of taxes are abolished forever. Taxes shall be collected from all the citizens, and from all property, in the same manner and in the same form. Plans shall be considered by which the taxes shall be paid proportionally by all, even for the last six months of the current year. X.Inasmuch as a nationa l constitution and public liberty are of more advantage to the provinces than the privileges which some of these enjoy, and inasmuch as the surrender of such privileges is essential to the intimate union of all parts of the realm, it is decreed that all the peculiar privileges, pecuniary or otherwise, of the provinces, principalities, districts, cantons, cities, and communes, are once for all abolished and are absorbed into the law common to all Frenchmen. XI. All citizens, without distinction of birth, are eligible to any office or dignity, whether ecclesiastical, civil, or military; and no profession shall imply any derogation. XII. Hereafter no remittances shall be made for annates or for any other purpose to the court of Rome, the vice legation at Avignon, or to the nunciature at Lucerne.The clergy of the diocese shall apply to their bishops in regard to the filling of benefices and dispensations, the which shall be granted gratis without regard to reservations, expectancies, an d papal months, all the churches of France enjoying the same freedom. XIII. [This article abolishes various ecclesiastical dues. ] XIV. Pluralities shall not be permitted hereafter in cases where the revenue from the benefice or benefices held shall exceed the sum of three thousand livres. Nor shall any individual be allowed to enjoy several pensions from benefices, or a pension and a benefice, if the revenue which he already enjoys from such sources exceeds the same sum of three thousand livres. XV.The National Assembly shall consider, in conjunction with the king, the report which is to be submitted to it relating to pensions, favors, and salaries, with a view to suppressing all such as are not deserved, and reducing those which shall prove excessive; and the amount shall be fixed which the king may in the future disburse for this purpose. XVI. The National Assembly decrees that a medal shall be struck in memory of the recent grave and important deliberations for the welfare of Fr ance, and that a Te Deum shall be chanted in gratitude in all the parishes and the churches of France. XVII. The National Assembly solemnly proclaims the king, Louis XVI, the Restorer of French Liberty. XVIII.The National Assembly shall present itself in a body before the king, in order to submit to him the decrees which have just been passed, to tender to him the tokens of its most respectful gratitude, and to pray him to permit the Te Deum to be chanted in his chapel, and to be present himself at this service. XIX. The National Assembly shall consider, immediately after the constitution, the drawing up of the laws necessary for the development of the principles which it has laid down in the present decree. The latter shall be transmitted by the deputies without delay to all the provinces, together with the decree of the 10th of this month, in order that it may be printed, published, read from the parish pulpits, and posted up wherever it shall be deemed necessary.