Marian Eloisa V. Begino Essays - Education, Euthenics,

Marian Eloisa V. Begino As my analytical study base on the old test paper here it's test number one , in this test it was an multi ple choice write the correct answer in space provided, it was getting confuse to the student to answer this question because theirs have two space provided to write the correct answer in test number one per question the direction is not clear where of this two space provided that the student write their answer. The correct direction here is " write the answer in space provided before the number" to avoid confusion but I suggest it's better to make it encircle the correct answer because it was a multiple cho ic e rather than write the correct answer . In test number two the multiple choice circle the correct answer as my analytical study here it was overall correct it was understandable by student because it was only a simple mathematics numbers that appropriate to them. In this test number three the true or false as my a nalytical study here it was overall correct it was understandable by student. In this test number four the matching type as my analytical study here it was overall correct it was understandable by student. In test number five the multiple choice but situational question as my analysis it was not appropriate because of the reading level of the student here is lack it's better if the teacher help them to translate the question in a word that they can understand . In my analysis in overall of the exam test 1 to 5 the appropriate type of test is good choice for the elementary student but some of the exam is need a improvement to make a better learning outcome for the student .

The fountainhead essays

The fountainhead essays Fountainhead: Morals in the working world It has been said that morals are one of the most precious possessions that a person can have. However, in the working world, many seem to forget their morals in order to climb the corporate ladder. In our own society woman use their sexuality to get the upper hand. Preconceived notions dictate that a person cannot be successful and keep their morals at the same time. The Fountainhead, written by Ayn Rand, seems to at first defend, then later, dispute these notions through characters and events. Ultimately, Rands weak characters, those who dont keep their morals, eventually plummet, while the strong characters, those who retain their principles regardless of any pressure from society, eventually prevail. Peter Keating is Rands description of a conniving parasite that leeches off of the work of others, in orders to rise quickly to the top of the architectural field. His methods of continuing his career show no regard to morals, but rather to the opinions of others. Keating even becom es so corrupt as to kill a man indirectly. Philosophy demands literature that can abet the understanding of social views. Without reflective literature, man cannot begin to comprehend the essential messages behind philosophy. One such philosophy, objectivism, is represented exceptionally by the timeless novel, The Fountainhead. Through the use of compelling dialogue, Ayn Rand reveals her own feelings towards objectivism, and her thoughts towards conformity and independence. The interpretations and the implications of several of the quotes within The Fountainhead accurately depict the essence of objectivism and encourages the opposition of conventional standards through the embodiment of the uncompromising innovator "standing against the world." Society dictates that there will be those that follow and those that will lead the followers. Peter Keating is one that a ...

Is there equity in Out of Hours Services for Palliative patients in Essay

Is there equity in Out of Hours Services for Palliative patients in the community setting - Essay Example of an area, age of the patient, whether the patient has a primary diagnosis of cancer versus non cancer, whether the area is one of high social deprivation and if there are local trust financial constraints which necessarily have an impact on the services available. Equity in palliative care is a major issue facing England. This paper shall explore the various reasons to the equal or unequal access to palliative services which might be dependent on geography and road infrastructure of an area, age of the patient, whether the patient has a primary diagnosis of cancer versus non cancer, whether the area is one of high social deprivation and/or if there are local trust financial constraints which necessarily have an impact on the services available. Death is never a simple matter. Yet, while hospice and palliative care attention to end-of-life (EOL) care has benefited the general population, people with unequal palliative healthcare access and their families have not benefited from the same extent of end-of-life attention. Modern medical and nursing care have contributed to lengthening the life span of people with unequal access to palliative services because of geography and road infrastructure of the area, age of the patient, patient’s primary diagnosis of cancer or non cancer and the area of high social deprivation and low financial support so that previously fatal, acute illnesses and complications from their disabilities are now managed by artificial life support measures such as dialysis, gastrostomy, nephrostomy, or tracheotomy. As life expectancy lengthens for this special population, they ultimately face the same chronic and terminal illnesses as the general population and, consequently, the same decisions exist. Unfortunately, however, because of cognitive impairment frequently associated with people having various issues with palliative care access and individuals, family members must often serve as their proxies in EOL care decision making. Together

Human Resource Practices within Kelloggs Term Paper

Human Resource Practices within Kelloggs - Term Paper Example This leadership style is cemented by the fact that the organization employs participative theories (Northouse, 2007, pp. 65). This means that the leader works hand in hand with the rest of the team working in Kelloggs to ensure its success. Discussions are made with participation from everyone in the company as long as the issue affects those particular people including the subordinate staff members. This theoretical involvement ensures that employees are not side lined and decisions affecting them made without their input and even consent. Evidence of using participative theory combined with democratic leadership style is indicated by the high number of managers in Kelloggs who work together to make Kelloggs as successful as it currently is, Working as a team and involving each other has created tighter bonds between them and this is evident by the way they stand together instead of blaming each other in case of any negative publicity such as scandal or lawsuits. When the employees are included in the decision making and allowed to participate in major deals in the company, they gain ownership of the organization and hence not only work for the purpose of earning their salary but they are motivated to mould the company and make it better than their competitors. Such ownership and motivation makes the employees aim to increase their productivity, reduce their turnover rate and they engage in all manner of performance enhancing activities including bettering their knowledge and education through trainings and seminars. All these has worked to make Kelloggs maintain a competitive edge in the food industry and continue expanding their products and countries of operation to over 35 countries worldwide and several hundred cities all over the world as well (Rogers, 2008, pp. 87). With participative theory being enforced, the majority of the decision is delegated to the different teams

How Hacking Can be Helpful Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

How Hacking Can be Helpful - Term Paper Example In addition, ethical hackers do not delete files, disclose the information to public, or ruin the network once they manage to break into the security. Today corporations widely hire ethical hackers or white hat hackers to check if their security systems are strong enough to prevent strong malicious attacks. Hacking contests like Pwn2Own are organized to identify unknown vulnerabilities in computer networks and security system. It is interesting to note that leading social networks like Facebook and Twitter and search engines like Google and Yahoo offer millions of dollars to hackers who can successfully break into their security. Still some companies are overconfident about the security systems they maintain without knowing the modern tricks in computer hacking. Today it is not necessary for one to sit the whole day at computer to break into the security of an organization because there have been many simple techniques in use. Although the concept of ethical hacking can be helpful fo r companies to improve their security levels, today hacking techniques are widely used for supporting illegal purposes like credit card fraud and information theft. This paper will describe how hacking can be helpful for companies to improve their operational efficiency. ... tion of a secure wireless telegraphy technology by John Ambrose Fleming by sending inappropriate Morse code messages with the help of the auditorium’s projector (â€Å"A history of hacking†). In 1930s a major hacking event happened when Polish cryptologists Marian Rejewski, Henryk Zygalski, and Jerzy Rozycki hacked the Enigma machine code. In 1960s, university facilities like MIT’s artificial intelligence lab became a hot target for hackers. In 1965, William D. Mathew detected a vulnerability in a Multics CTSS running on an IBM 7094 and he found that this weakness causes to disclose the password file’s contents; and as a result of this flaw, any user logging into this system could see the system CTSS password file’s contents (Baker, â€Å"14 Years of SQL Injection..†). During this period, the term ‘hacker’ was used in a positive sense to represent a person with advanced computing skills who could alter computer programs beyond wh at they were actually designed to perform. Hacking activities became more common with the beginning of 1970s. In early 1970s, an individual named John Draper made a free long distance call by blowing a precise tone into a telephone that commands the system to clear a line (â€Å"A history of hacking†). Draper was repeatedly arrested throughout the1970s for telephone tampering. During the same period, the Yippie social movement made arrangements like Technical Assistance Program to back up phone hackers’ efforts to make free long distance calls. Later in this decade, two members from the Homebrew Computer Club of California began making devices called ‘blue boxes’, which were used to intrude into the phone system. The two members earned the handle ‘Berkeley Blue’ (Steve Jobs) and ‘Oak Toebark’ (Steve Wozniak) were the

The Right To Access Clean Water Environmental Sciences Essay

The Right To Access Clean Water Environmental Sciences Essay Human rights ensure that the basic needs of a human are provided equally to all individuals regardless of monetary stature, race, religion or discrimination of any sort. It works to maintain that both, the bearer and the recipient play an active role in this providence. In the 21st century Human Rights is becoming much more important and playing an additional vital role as further needs are being labelled as a right that should be enjoyed and exercised by all individuals. One such human right is the right to access clean water. There are basic human rights that have often been recognized, food, healthcare, etc. So it should come to no surprise that Water is also a basic human right. Water is, in our eyes, a fundamental human necessity as there is no life without water. Yet, the situation remains that not every human being on this other is gifted with access to clean water. Moreover, the lack of clean water is transforming from a limitation to an enormous threat. Definition of terms Human Rights Council The Human Rights Council is an inter-governmental body within the United Nations system made up of 47 States responsible for the promotion and protection of all human rights around the globe. Groundwater   Groundwater is water that is found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. It is an important source of water for consumption. Low income groups Individuals with access to a low income in comparison with the average income of the general population in an area. Income is the amount of money an individual earns in a certain time period. Inadequate Inadequate means that a certain factor is unfit for usage or consumption. It does not fulfil the needs of a task or individual. Millennium Development Goals The MDGs are eight goals that were formed at the Millennium Summit in 2000 and aim to bringing international development. All member nations of the UN have agreed to meet these goals by the year 2015. Background The background to this issue on the agenda lies in the simple fact that 900 million people worldwide dont have access to clean water. A basic need of the human body; lying out of reach for all these people is not a matter that the UN would leave unaddressed. The underlying problem that causes this issue of lack of clean water is with the unequal distribution of water and poverty. Often, low income groups, those living in extreme poverty and people living in rural areas cannot afford a clean water supply and make do with unreliable water sources. Over 3.4 million people die every year from causes related to water, sanitation and hygiene and 99 percent of these deaths occur in the developing world. Out of just over 7 billion people on this planet, more than 894 million dont have access to improved water sources; which is about one in nine people. As rivers dry up, lakes shrink and groundwater reserves get depleted, that figure will rise to 3 billion in 2025, especially in parts of Asia and Africa. These facts are just the tip of the iceberg as the ongoing issue stems into many other situations that the UN has to face and its roots must be uncovered by members of the UN so that the access to clean water is no longer a demand, but a provision. Causes of the Lack of Clean Water The fact remains that there is indeed enough water on Earth for the need of the world population. Thereby the problem lies in the unequal distribution of water and poverty around the globe. Inequality of Distribution Lack of transportation systems and systems to obtain water, such as harvesting rainwater and extracting groundwater as well as in some cases not restricting peoples access to water has left clean water in scarcity. When the extraction of groundwater becomes excessive (for industrial and agricultural use), its availability at domestic households is poorly affected. Poverty Economic condition is another factor with access to clean water. Developing countries such as India have a number of rural areas where there is an inadequate water supply. Individuals have to usually travel long distances to get water from rather unsafe sources. Even in Developed nations such as the USA, low income groups typically live in places that are not provided with adequate water supply options. For example, impoverished slum dwellers in  Angola  draw drinking water from the local river where their sewage is dumped. Farmers on the lower reaches of the Colorado River struggle because water has been diverted to cities like Las Vegas and Los Angeles. Corruption Corruption too plays a part in the scarcity of clean water and reduces its availability. Slow response or no response at all to this issue in some areas is all due to corruption. Almost 40 percent of water is lost in leakages from water pipes and canals of which the main cause is illegal tapping. This also results in a hike in water prices which only goes on to ruin the poor. Important Measures Obviously an issue of such importance is not being given the spotlight in just now, in the 21st century. Measures have been taken previously to deal with the right to access clean water. In 1948, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights came into being which laid down the basis to all universal rights. It formed the various social, economic and political rights of humans. In 1966, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was formed which was a legal binding treaty where States parties are obligated to protect, respect and fulfil rights such as the right to life, the right to dignity, and the right to self determination. The right to water is not explicitly defined in this treaty but comes under the right to life as water is essential for human life on planet Earth. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, which took place in 1979, was the first time water supply was addressed in a legally binding way.   Article 14.2(h) states that women have the right to enjoy adequate living conditions, particularly in relation to housing, sanitation, electricity and  water supply. This convention was followed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 10 years after in 1979. The convention talks about the right to health in Article 24, where the focus on combating disease and malnutrition primarily states that children should have a provision of nutritious food and clean water. Moreover, Article 27, the entitlement to adequate living conditions is said by the Committee on the Rights of the Child to include access clean water. One of the key conferences was the Millennium Summit, New York, USA in 2000. The conference adopted The Millennium Declaration and set various Millennium Development Goals. One of the targets is concentrated on the right to access clean water: the goal to reduce by half the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water by 2015 The United Nations has also declared that the decade from 2005 to 2015 is known as the Water for Life decade In March 2008 at the Human Rights Council Resolution on Human Rights and Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation decided an independent expert should be appointed to deal with the issue of the right to access clean water and basic sanitation. In the September of that year (2008) the Human Rights Council appointed Catarina de Albuquerque as the Independent Expert. She began her mandate on 1 November 2008. She has already made a number of visits to various destinations where she inquires and checks on the state of access to clean water and gives advice and makes recommendation on what further steps can be taken and how to go about in bringing them out. In July 2010 at United Nations General Assembly Resolution on the right to water and sanitation a resolution was initiated by Bolivia. The Resolution 64/ 292 acknowledges that clean drinking water and sanitation are integral to the realisation of all human rights. The Resolution also welcomes the important work carried out by the Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation and welcomes her presentation of an annual report to the General Assembly. 122 Nations voted in favour of this resolution and 41 countries abstained. The abstentions were mostly from primarily developed countries including the USA, Canada, Australia and several European Nations who commented that the resolution would undermine UNs Human Rights Council in Geneva to build a compromise on water rights. Solving the Problem How to go about solving the issue is the actual setback on solving this global concern. Short term, and relatively simple, measures have to be taken. Treating water with chlorine, setting up new pipes and canals for widespread transportation, filters, etc are all existing technologies that can be implemented. Short term measures differ from country to country as not country has the same barriers in providing clean water. The long term goal remains to provide easily available sources of clean and treated water for all individuals. Methods of water conservation such as water recycling and drip irrigation do contribute in making clean water more available but to bring about quick and decisive long term change a global step must be taken with all countries in unison so that the individuals of the world may benefit. The resolution introduced by Bolivia in July 2010, which was passed, aimed at recognizing this matter once again and showed the divide between countries. 41 countries who did not want to go on record for not passing this resolution abstained, as it would complicate steps being taken in Geneva to deal with the same issue at the UNs Human Rights council. Moreover, the resolution was not regulatory and its main aim was to raise concern for the issue and bring out backing for solutions that may come through. To resolve, however, this crisis, nations must come together as one to produce a resolution that tackles the right to access clean water thoroughly and provides the necessary change required for individuals to be given easily available, clean water. Key Conferences 1977  United Nations Water Conference, Mar del Plata, Argentina 1990  The Global Consultation on Safe Water and Sanitation 1990  World Summit for Children 1992  International Conference on Water and the Environment, Dublin, Ireland 1995  World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, Denmark 1997  The First World Water Forum, Marrakesh, Morocco 2000  Millennium Summit, New York, USA 2000  The Second World Water Forum, Ministerial Conference on Water Security in the Twenty-First Century, The Hague, Netherlands 2001  International Conference on Fresh Water, Bonn, Germany 2001  New Partnerships for African Development, NEPAD framework document 2002  World Summit on Sustainable Development, Rio + 10, Johannesburg, South Africa 2003  Third World Water Forum, Kyoto, Japan 2006  Fourth World Water Forum, Mexico 2009  Fifth World Water Forum, Istanbul, Turkey

Sexuality in John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums Essay -- Chrysanthemu

Sexuality in Steinbeck's The Chrysanthemums    Reading over this excellent story once more, I am again filled with the same emotion (if it can be called that) that I experienced when first reading it.   Steinbeck planned for that.   In a letter to George Albee in 1933, Steinbeck comments on this story and his interest in Albee's opinion of it.   "...It is entirely different and is designed to strike without the reader's knowledge.   I mean he reads it casually and after it is finished feels that something profound has happened to him although he does not know what nor how."   I knew after reading this, that Steinbeck is truly a marvel.   It is one thing to have enough luck to leave your reader's with this sense after they've read something of yours, but to have it happen to them when you've actually planned it!   This is incredible.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I was not the only person feel what Steinbeck had planned.   And in that group, I was not the only one to want to pick apart this story to find out why I felt this way, what he intended me to feel, and what his story meant taking all things into consideration.   when looking at various criticisms, I found a division line that could be made between the sexes. Most women agreed with me and felt the sexual tension apparent in the story.   This sexual tension was quiet and sensual.   The only men that picked up on this picked out some overtly sexual innuendoes and chose to ignore the subtleties as Eliza's mood changes and tone of voice.   The other men attributed any sexual tension to Eliza's need for children, which is a valid point, but it ignores too many other things in the story to fit it well. .. ...e predominantly male or predominantly female side, nor can they be pushed into little cubby holes that define the different stereo-types of a woman. Her androgyny uses such stereo-types to define her, and to go over that and then use even more to define the end product of the story would be a mistake. Works Cited Steinbeck, John.   "The Chrysanthemums" 1937. Literature.   Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs eds. London: Prentice Hall, 1998. Mitchell, Marylin L. "'Steinbeck's Strong Women': Feminine Identity in the Short Stories," Southwest Review, Vol. 61, No. 3, Summer, 1976, pp. 304-15. McMahah, Elizabeth E. "'The Chrysanthemums': Study of a Woman's Sexuality," Modern Fiction Studies, Vol. XIV, No 4. Winter, 1968-69, pp. 453-58. Hughes, R. S. John Steinbeck: A Study of the Short Fiction.   Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1989.

Financing SME Essay

The definition of Small & Medium scale Enterprises (SMEs) varies from country to country. The classification can be based on the firm’s assets, number of employees, or annual turnover along with the loan amount. Central Bank of Sri Lanka defines SMEs as enterprises with less than Rs. 600 million turnover per annum and with a maximum exposure of Rs. 200 million mainly to be classified as a SME for Basel II Capital adequacy calculation and utilization of funds accumulated in the Investment Fund Account in Banks. Whatever the definition, and regardless of the size of the economy, the growth of SMEs throughout the region is crucial to growth of respective economies. Because, SMEs play a critical and important role in providing job opportunities, enhancing the quality of human resources, maximizing the use of local resources, saving foreign exchange, nurturing a culture of entrepreneurship, fostering creativity and opening up new business opportunities etc. Most corporate organizations in Sri Lanka or elsewhere are the establishments started as SMEs in its early stages. Classic examples from our own country may be Nawaloka Group, Access International, Softlogic Group of companies. In most literature, it is mentioned that access to financing has been recognized as a major impediment for many SMEs and its growth, whereas corporate business entities have the advantage over the SMEs in doing so primarily as a result of their formalization. However, according to Juliet Mckee and Kimball Dietrich (2003), most common problems for SMEs are the lack of access to market information and technology, the low quality of human resources and the lack of access to capital. Despite efforts by financial institutions and public-sector bodies to close funding gaps, SMEs continue to experience difficulty in obtaining risk capital. These funding gaps relate to firm size, risk, knowledge, and flexibility. The development literature focus a good deal of attention on issues faced by SMEs in accessing finance. Traditionally, the focus is on obstacles created by financial institutions, mainly by commercial banks or on imperfections in the broader institutional environment. However, SMEs also make decisions about financing and display attitudes that have an important bearing on financing decisions. Therefore, constraints may also appear on the â€Å"demand side† of the financing market. Objective of this article is to discuss the key challenges and issues for bankers pertaining to SME lending, of which, part of them are inherent in SMEs and for others bankers are responsible. 1. Issues of SMEs 1. 1 Lack of financial literacy or weak financial literacy In the literature, lack of financial literacy is designated as informational asymmetries where SMEs typically posses privileged information on their business that cannot be easily accessed or cannot be accessed at all by lenders or outsiders. Reasons for this may vary and also have different perspectives. SMEs are mainly driven by entrepreneurs who have nurtured in their own ways to prospective SMEs. As a result of hard ways of development, they either had no time to devote further education or do not believe in learning. This is evident from the credit applications that are submitted to banks for financing. This eventually leads to low levels of financial literacy among entrepreneurs. Financial literacy is the ability to understand how money works in the world: how someone manages to earn or make it, how that person manages it, how he/she invests it (turn it into more) and how that person donates it to help others. More specifically, it refers to the set of skills and knowledge that allows an individual to make informed and effective decisions with all of their financial resource. Though many SME owners are sound in developing business models and working out the profitability of products and services, understanding about the macro picture of the SME’s overall financial standing in terms of profit and loss account, balance sheet and cash flows is week. As a result, they sometimes opt to resort to outsiders or merely depend on themselves in preparation of financial information which may or may not reflect the actual picture of the SMEs. Because of this impediment, banks have no choice, but to depend on collateral for SME financing. At the backdrop cash flow lending is encouraged, financial institutions are struggling to project the SMEs’ sustainable bankability. This is recognized as the main obstacle for banks and financial institutions in financing SMEs. One of the options to counter this impediment is the concept of â€Å"Para accountant†. A Para accountant is an external consultant who uses finance, economics, risk management and technology skills to help organizations prepare and report financial and tax statements according to accounting principles and regulatory requirements. A Para accountant also may review a firm’s internal controls, processes and procedures to ensure that such controls are adequate. A Para accountant may work on a client’s site or remotely. They are not necessarily qualified accountants, however, might be an option. Bankers’ prime objective in this endeavor is to develop reliable sources of information so that they could project the sustainable cash flows of the business. With this objective banks could train their credit appraisal officers as Para Accountants, who will interacts with prospective SMEs and develop a set of financial information while strengthening the banking relationship over a period of time. 1. 2 Entrepreneurs’ knowledge about building a prospective banking relationship A banking relationship is about much more than just selecting a bank to handle a company’s bank accounts. If the relationship is managed well, it can help a company to thrive. SMEs that use more than one bank will need to manage multiple banking relationships. A company will first have a business account (or several) at a retail bank (or banks) for all day-to-day financial transactions. Whether it is retail, SME or corporate, the banks should have a team of business banking advisers on hand, to advise and guide a company. It’s important to ensure continuity— banks usually offer a contact with a designated person and in turn expect to deal with the same person or persons from the company. A good banking relationship depends not only on personal rapport, but also by having a solid understanding of the company and its financial needs. Over time, a banking adviser should build up a good understanding of the company’s preferred ways of doing business and incorporate that into how their banking requirements are handled. There are many advantages having a sound banking relationship for SMEs. The bank is more likely to offer loans and other lines of credit, potentially at preferential rates of interest, if the bank advisers feel there is a good relationship with the company. The bank’s advice can be tailored for the company’s needs and personal style, rather than given generically. In times of crisis, a company having its bank’s support will be crucial. Even if a company is a text-book case of insolvency, strong personal rapport with a company representative means that the bank is more likely to offer leeway if it knows that directors are doing their utmost to keep the company going. Failure to develop a strong relationship, however, means that the SME is likely to miss out on good advice and, crucially, support in times of difficulty. However, unfortunately, many SMEs are not on the right track to understand the importance of having a good banking relationship. Given that no sound financial information are available, at least, SMEs should try to maintain a healthy customer relationship with the financial institution to entice financial needs, especially in difficult periods. It is both Bankers’ and SMEs’ responsibility of developing a prospective banking relationship over a period of time without compromising risk capital. More than the credit facilities, credit plus would be reasonably appropriate to start such a relationship and then move into advanced levels of relationships along with credit facilities. 1. 3 Financial discipline of entrepreneurs As Henry Ford correctly cited, â€Å"Wealth does not come accidently. You have to plan for it. † One’s discipline explains the right behavior and ability to take decisions without emotions. Hence, financial discipline is all about right financial decisions. In order to be financially discipline one should understand concepts of accounting and financial management in SME business. Accounting in general is all about record keeping and developing summary financial reports. Most commonly available financial reports or information are the profit and loss account, balance sheet and the cash flow statement. Unless SMEs keep records of their daily activities, it is difficult to develop financial statements with regard to their businesses. With no financial statements, SMEs will always struggle in making financial decisions. More often, there is no clear distinction between the business finance and the finances of the proprietor. Therefore, it is critical that the lender examines carefully borrower’s all commitments, i. e. , those related directly to the business and those associated with the proprietor’s private life and assets. Lack of Business Planning is a result of weak financial indiscipline in SMEs where investment decisions, working capital decisions, even pricing decisions are based on the entrepreneurs’ values than on facts. The lack of proper financial discipline results in incorrect business decisions, which hampers the sustainability of the SMEs. MacRobert (2002), in his SME manual explains why SME borrowers are different to commercial and corporate borrowers. One of the common reasons is unskilled/ untrained principals. Many SME principals in the Asia-Pacific region are self-starters, often with limited formal education, and minimal training in business management skills. That is not to say that they are incompetent, but that they often lack the capacity to research information on ways to strengthen their businesses, and, indeed, to be aware that such resources even exists. Role of the bankers in this regard is to educate the importance of financial discipline through strong banking relationships. Bankers are one of the key sources, to get SMEs to believe in financial discipline. Bank officers should take the initiatives in this endeavor to educate the SME owners. Role of the Government is also a key imperative in developing required conducive environment through institutional and policy frameworks. Some universities in Sri Lanka have already started dedicated departments to teach courses related entrepreneurship. (Example: University of Sri Jayewardenepura and University of Colombo) and It is important to note that Business studies is part of the GCE A/L curriculum. Recent budget proposals in 2011, 2012 and 2013 has given enough support to encourage SMEs and SME financing and one of the very useful proposals was to direct government banks to set up dedicated SME Branches not only to facilitate SMEs with easy access to finance, but also to educate SME owners and to guide and direct them to right places and people. However, strengthening the institutional framework to develop business development support services is also an imperative. 2. Issues with Banks SMEs are not only critical to the economy, but also to the banks’ profitability. Most diversified banks maintain a substantial percentage of exposure to the SMEs as a strategic investment given the diversity within the SME portfolio itself. It is always profitable, but need to properly evaluate and closely monitor the delinquencies to avoid any credit risks. It is a perception as well as a fact sometimes, that SMEs are always highly risky as explained by many banks. It may be due to several factors including, non availability of financial information, no tax returns, no collateral, one man show, highly sensitive to economic conditions, no proper organizational structure, and many more. These are reasons given to avoid or very conservative underwriting of SME credit proposals. As a result of these reasons, credit policies of financial institutions are based on stringent credit guidelines. 2. Institutional framework with hindering process issues In the case of many developing countries, the above mentioned obstacles to SME financing are exacerbated by institutional and process factors. Most developing countries are still highly concentrated and have uncompetitive banking sectors. This reinforces the tendency to adopt conservative lending policies. Credit policies which mainly cover the credit risk and market risk, endorse a processes which covers many elements to secure exposure, while satisfying the regulator’s requirements. This eventually results in a value driven Credit culture in financial institutions. According to MacDonald and Timothy (2006), management’s credit policy determines how much risk the bank will take and in what form. A bank’s credit culture refers to the fundamental principles that drive lending activity and how management analyzes risk. There can be large differences in their lending philosophy. The three potentially different credit cultures are: values driven, current profit driven, and market share driven. The institutional framework is reflected through the credit policy in this part of the world, the tendency is to inculcate a value driven credit culture, which has the following attributes: Focus is on credit quality with strong risk management systems and controls Primary emphasis is on bank’s soundness and stability and a consistent market presence Underwriting is conservative and significant loan concentrations are not allowed. Typical outcome is lower current profits from loans with fewer loan losses It is evident with lower non- performing ratios prevailing in banks justifies that credit risk is covered with loan risk mitigation factors and discourage granting venture capital to SMEs. Eventually, SMEs need to resort to acceptable securities which hinders them from easy access to finance from financial institutions. 2. 2 Collateral syndrome (Risk avert) Strong value driven credit cultures in financial institutions always tighten the belts in covering credit risk. Unless the financial institutions develop competencies in cash flow based lending, credit officers have no choice but to cover themselves with collateral in risky SME lending. Competencies itself will not drive the business unless the risky lending is rewarded with challenging business targets. Security based lending propositions are gradually becoming unhealthy for economies as it discourages strategically important investment decisions. Government of Sri Lanka recently enacted legislations to ease the pressure on SMEs through amendment of Parate execution where normal civil procedure of debt recovery should be applied for loans below Rs. five million with security of property mortgages. 2. 3 Weak competency in building cash flow based lending propositions Strong value based credit policies encourage security oriented lending and creates knowledge gaps in credit officers. Security oriented lending does not require strict cash flow projections and credit evaluations. Developing cash flow projections is an art and requires overall knowledge about the industry, technology, external factors (external climate) and specific firms (internal climate) along with econometrics modeling to analyze the cash flows. When it comes to large projects, knowledge in project appraisals and risk analysis will help the credit officers to get exposed to project financing. At the backdrop of investor confidence and developing businesses in emerging economies, venturing into risky business propositions is in the agenda of the banking and financial intuitions. Financing SMEs are risky but at the same time profitable, so indeed banks need to develop how best they could mitigate the risk of these ventures. One of the options is to gradually develop a culture of SME financing with confidence through development of competencies in their credit officers. Competency development not only addresses econometric techniques of analyzing and evaluating the credit proposals, but also industry knowledge and exposure, experiences of sick industries and business units, world politics and world economics, knowledge in emerging markets and technologies, behaviors and issues of labor, understanding the entrepreneurship etc. Conclusion Many of the literature examine the issues of financing SMEs world over. However, there are key issues not only from the SMEs point of view, but also from the financial institutions and, government’s point of views. No one can expect the SMEs to nurture in best practices all by themselves. In this regard, the role of financial intuitions is greater, when it comes to inculcate and nurture SMEs in the right directions. The issues for SME financing discussed above are the keys, but there are many others which needs further discussions.

How to Get Your Essay Started

How to Get Your Essay Started How to Get Your Essay Started Starting an essay is the most difficult activity that students face in their academic career. Students have the tendency to procrastinate in completing their essay writing assignments simply because they think they have more time than they actually do. How to get your essay started is probably the most recurring question on a student’s mind. The essay writing process should be as smooth as possible so that the student writer is motivated to develop the essay fully. First, it is important to read and understand all the essay requirements before beginning. Having the guidelines and requirements at hand enables one to be cognizant of the number of words required and the type of research to be undertaken, as well as determining who targeted audience is. Before writing the essay, it is important to establish a writing schedule. Lengthy custom essays have a myriad of requirements that are all assessed by the evaluator. Students who fail to adhere to these instructions often find themselves with low grades even if the content of the paper is great. To jump-start the essay writing process, one is expected to not only understand the paper requirements but also to employ critical thinking skills. Think about each question and determine what is expected at the completion of the paper. The essay writing process includes a schedule for completing each step and an outline of what one plans to write. Basically, a good essay begins with a brief idea of what the topic encompasses. The topic may be broad, and so it is narrowed down and the purpose of the essay expressed as a thesis statement. The introductory paragraph states the paper’s theme and may mention the main points, as well. Writers are expected not to provide details in the first paragraph. Instead, the body of the paragraph will state the main points again and provide supporting details and elaboration. In addition, correct choice of words and vivid explanations make the essay interesting. Furthermore, extensive research on the topic and generation of new concepts and insight adds value to the essay. Good essays always provide the strengths and weaknesses of various viewpoints related to the issue at hand. This allows the reader to understand both sides of an issue objectively. Before writing, it is necessary to gather all the relevant sources on the essay topic. Recently published articles and journals are often the best sources to use in essay writing. Developing several drafts makes it easier to correct mistakes and to add value in terms of new ideas and concepts. The process of writing a quality essay takes time; therefore, students are advised to begin the paper as soon as it is assigned. However, students who find the essay writing process too demanding always have the option of outsourcing to essay writers online from credible paper writing service institutions. Even so, these students are expected to understand the requirements for the specific essay they need writers to complete for them. Regardless of who writes the paper or the purpose of the paper, certain components are needed for it to be considered well-written. It must contain a clear thesis statement and supporting details. These allow the reader to understand and accept the writer’s position. Additionally, the flow and clarity of ideas is dependent upon the development of an outline. If ideas and concepts are arranged in a logical manner, then the paper will appear coherent. As a result, the reader is more likely not only to understand the paper but to also enjoy reading it. Feel free to get professional essay writing help from academic writers at !

Art Imitating Life Imitating A essays

Art Imitating Life Imitating A essays The late 1950s saw a new movement in the art world this became known as "pop art" due to the fact that the artists in this movement with this movement manly Andy Warhol and Roy Lichensten of the unites states as well as David Hockney and Derek Boshier of Great Britain, used elements of popular culture as main sources of their work. A good example of this is Warhole's screen prints of Marilyn Manroe, where he took a famous icon of the time and used a mass production technique to make her into a work of art. Lichenstine looked at a different element of popular culture youth culture- comic books. He used this style of painting and drawing to create a comic strip image. For example "Wham", although looks screen-printed it was infact panted by hand dot by dot. Hockney was influenced by graffiti a part overlooked by his contemporaries, he used it in the form of messages scrawled across the background of his paintings . Hockney said that he did this in order to make it clear to the viewer what the picture was about. Derek Boshier painted a series of pieces based on ideas he got from a toothpaste commercial. "identi-kit man" was his way of suggesting how easy it was for companies to manipulate people with the use of advertising and create mass markets. The whole ideas of pop art, as to take things from everyday life and make them into a piece of artwork. These things were those, which the people of post-war Britain were not ready to consider art in any way. There was a thing like Campbell's soup can of Warhol, The kitchen utensils of Tom Wesselman and Richard Hamilton and child like scribbles of David Hockney. Due to the art boom, in the 1960s and clear trends through pop art That designers were able to pick up on these and incorporate them into their work, influenced by fashion icons, movie stars, technology, and motorcars. Although the artists did have some overlapping styles, pop art focuses more on the subject and less on styl...

Developing an interactive secure website Research Paper

Developing an interactive secure website - Research Paper Example The extensive growth and use of the internet over the years have created and led to websites and web applications facing more threats and vulnerabilities each day. This has thus demonstrates the importance and emphasis developers and website administrators have put on web security. Web security does not only entail securing the web application only but also securing the web server and the web users as well. This article aims at explicating the various forms of threats, attacks and vulnerabilities that web applications, servers and users face.It will also show various methods of howto prevent, minimize and deal with security loopholes that attackers exploit. The importance of ensuring security of websites, web servers and the users cannot be underestimated (Braithwaite, 2002). Discussion There are various vulnerabilities that web applications and websites face. These threats range from security loopholes that are created during development, at the servers and at the user interfaces. T his discussion will mostly focus on the security of website application developed using PHP language and are SQL database driven. PHP functions Security Developing website applications using PHP is relatively easy since its syntax and semantics can easily and quickly be grasped. The buck though doesn’t stop here. It has the capability of performing diverse functions when its seamlessly and flawlessly working with HTML. The fact that it is open source and also works well with other open source tools and languages such as the MySQL database ad the Apache Server makes the most preferred web development languages for developers and very much targeted by hackers and malicious web users. Many developers, especially beginners ignore or forget the aspect of security (Shaw, 2001). It is worth noting here that even advanced developers sometimes write code that is vulnerable to attacks.PHP can work even if there are security loopholes in the coding. These loopholes are not hard to locat e in PHP and are what malicious web users look for. Although PHP offers some great features that can be used to minimize security vulnerabilities, it’s up to the developer to be able to utilize them (Braithwaite, 2002). Securing PHP applications entails limiting coding errors as much as possible. Common types of PHP security loopholes are: Error Reporting This is a PHP tool that allows diagnosis of errors and quick and easier fixing. It is also potential security vulnerability when no properly used such as when errors are publicly visible to users on-screen. It reveals a lot of information such as security loopholes in the code. Display_errors should be turned off or be appended a ‘0’ value so that errors cannot be viewed on-screen by users. If the Display_error is turned on or appended the ‘1’ value, errors will be displayed onscreen to users thus posing as a security threat that hackers can exploit. You can however opt to report errors by enabling log_errors. This is done by turning on log_errors and showing the location of the log using error_log. Register_Globals Writing PHP applications is made convenient and simpler by the use of Register_Globals. This although poses a great threat in terms of security. Register_Globals should therefore be always turned off. If turned on, users who are neither authenticated nor verified can inject variables in the application thus gaining administrative access to the application. A good example is where a user may append the value ‘?admin =1’ at the end of a page url and gain access to the sites administrative areas that might require a secure password. e.g. if(isset($_POST[‘pwd’]) && $_POST[‘pwd’] == â€Å"wxyz†) { $admin = TRUE; } If Register_Global is turned off, this kind of forced access cannot occur. Therefore, it is advisable to consider using predefined PHP variables such as $_POST, $_ENV, $_COOKIE, $_SERVER or $_GET to ensure tight se curity. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Hackers use this method to collect website’

Differentiate between neligence, intentional and constitutional torts Essay

Differentiate between neligence, intentional and constitutional torts. What act(s) can cause a tort liability - Essay Example For example: an employee of the criminal justice department conducted his duties without making sure that others are not harmed by his means of conducting duty, due to this others may have been inflicted with harm or injury, thus the official is held responsible for conducted his duties in a negligent manner. Criminal justice officers experience intentional torts when they indulge knowingly and freely indulge in activities due to which citizens or other individuals of a society may be harmed (Vaughn, 1999). For example: a police officer uses coercive methods to obtain a confession from a suspect, due to his act the suspect gets badly injured, the police official is held responsible for using coercion and the confession obtained from the suspect might not be used as evidence in the court of law. A criminal justice employee may be held responsible in a case of constitutional tort if he fails to conduct his duties in accordance to the constitution of the country (Carlson, 1985, p.342). For example: if a police official makes an arrest and forgets to read the Miranda rights to the suspect, the police official may be held responsible for acting according the constitution and the suspect may be free to leave as his Miranda rights were not read to him (Peak, 2011, p.281). Various activities conducted by the officials of the criminal justice system lead to tort liability, these activities includes: negligent behaviour, wrongful charges for arrest, breach of right of privacy, upholding information and evidence, and coercive interrogation. When an official of the criminal justice system is said to have acted in a negligent manner, he is said to have not exercised his duty of due care (Peak, 2011, p.341). This means that while conducting his duties, an official has not ensured to eradicate practices and procedures that may harm an individual and that are foreseen. Therefore a police official has to exercise his duty of care while conducting his